Virtual Shopping in Malaysia free essay sample

Introduction During the period between late 18th and early 19th century, the world experienced the Industrial Revolution era, when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in most parts of the world. The commencement of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society because almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. Now, again the world is experiencing a similar kind of a revolution the era of the Internet. The Internet has already earned a permanent place in history as the innovation that has changed the way the world sends, receives and shares information. The effects of the Internet are felt by everyone from young preschoolers to senior adults, from rocket scientists to casual bloggers. The immediacy of the Internet gives people the means to latest news and updates, to network with friends and to buy almost anything they want or need, without ever having to get off the couch. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Shopping in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These phenomena can be attributed to the increasing use of the Internet in conducting businesses. Overview: Virtual Shopping From business point of view, the Internet has changed the ways companies sell products to customers and distribute products to retailers. The Internet has sprung e-commerce, by which companies or sites offer to transact or facilitate the selling of products and services online (Kotler Keller, 2009). Virtual shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet and it is a type of e-commerce used for business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions (Wikipedia, 2009). Virtual shopping has experienced rapid growth since the early years and it is well known to most of the Internet researchers that, the volume of online business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions is increasing annually at a very high rate. According to ACNielsen (2008), more than 875 million people in the world have shopped online. The 2007 global survey conducted by ACNielsen also revealed that, over 85% of the world’s online population has used the Internet to make a purchase, up 40% from 2005. More than half of Internet users are regular online shoppers, who make online purchases at least once a month. ACNielsen also reported that, across the globe, the most popular and purchased items over the Internet are books (41% purchased), clothing/accessories/shoes (36%), videos/DVDs/games

Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination Essays

Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination Essays Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination Essay Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination Essay Discrimination at the workplace is not an unusual case nowadays; employees are being harassed on the behalf of their color, race, gender and creed and other minorities.   In this regard, the management of specific company must be able to handle this diversity efficiently (Bruhn, 1996). In order to ensure that employees are being protected, national and international organization is being established.   One of these is the International Labor Organization.   In accordance with ILO Convention, workplace discrimination is defined as â€Å"any difference, segregation or partiality done because of   race, color, gender, religion, political choice, countrywide origin or communal derivation (including   other characteristics too) that is intended to   the effect of invalidating or weakening equality of opportunity and conduct in service or profession, will be taken as workplace discrimination. Primarily, the goal of this paper is to cite some criminal ju stice system regarding workplace diversity and nondiscrimination. Criminal Justice System: Federal Laws and Policies against Discrimination The awareness of different people regarding workplace discrimination, specifically for those minorities with different race, culture and creed or even in terms of gender has pave the way for establishing laws and policies to protect them against discrimination and other maltreatment. Federal government has been able to formulate laws and policies prohibiting workplace discrimination to protect employees against maltreatment because of diversity. . Ø   In accordance with ‘Title Seven’ of the Civil Rights Act- 1964, employment unfairness oriented due to race, color, religious conviction, sexual category, or national basis, is highly prohibited. Ø   The Equal Pay Act, 1963 (EPA) is meant to protect person, who perform considerably equal work in the same organization but receive lower wedge due to sexual-discrimination. Ø   Employment Act1967 (ADEA) protects employees on their age basis. This is very useful for individuals who are 40 years of age or older; Ø     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First and Fifth Title of the â€Å"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)† was included to bar service inequity against competent individuals with disabilities. This is equally applicable every sector incorporating private sector, state and local governments. Ø     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rehabilitation Act of 1973 encompasses few best laws in its sections 501 and 505.   These articles are comprised to stop distinction aligned with ‘experienced individuals’ with not a perfect physical state and their employment in federal government. United State Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) implements every law, which is mentioned above. EEOC also makes available ‘failure to notice’ and ‘synchronization’ of almost every federal equivalent work opportunity system, carrying out, and course of action. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA) also works in the direction of non-discrimination at workplaces, as it bars every discrimination with personnel in companies (EEOC v Wyoming, 460 US 226, 1983). Though there are many laws to prohibit distinction in employment. There are few cases, in which court has given a verdict against the employee, who had filed case due to discrimination at workplace. As in accordance with, U.S. 1st Circuit Court of Appeals; on ‘Civil Rights’, Health Law, Labor Employment Law; Title: Carroll v. Xerox Corp. In this case the plea of the employee got rejected because he was suffering from severe chest pain and was not able to handle the work load. This was a claim contending disability (Carroll v. Xerox Corp, 2002). . As per the case of Brown versus City of Tucson, a city police department did not hit back against a female police officer for the breach of the ADA. They instituted an investigation into an investigation and suspended her, but the officer was alleging that department hampered her ADA rights. Nevertheless, job related partiality rate is high but prohibition laws are effective. Though in some cases go beyond their reach (Beason v. United Techs, Corp, 2003). All in all, it can be concluded that employees have rights to be protected and the employers should always ensure that their employees should not be discriminated in any way. The management must be able to initiate some changes to adhere to the needs of equal labor.

An essay identifying and exploring the factors impacting on childrens

An identifying and exploring the factors impacting on childrens physical and psychological development in the present day - Essay Example Some philosophers during the ancient times believed that the neonate possessed some inborn character traits. The philosophers noted that people recollect the knowledge, which remain dormant in the brain. However, some philosophers contradicted the old philosophers saying that the brain of a born child was like a blank slate. They believed that the human experience moulds their behaviour. Apparently, more philosophers stack to nature as the determinant for human behaviours. Even so, some philosophers stood concrete on their decision that the environmental influence influenced human traits. Nevertheless, conclusions have that interaction between nature and nurture typically explains human character traits. Psychology founding fathers for instance, John B Watson, Albert Bandura and BF skinner. Both psychologist discussed the psychology behind behaviour of people. Each father had different though. However, they relied on a similar platform which is behaviour develops either through nurture or nature. John B major theory of behaviour was behaviourism theory. Through the theory Watson explained that it is possible to mould behaviour of a child as a person pleases. Explains that when a child is born, he/she does not know anything. Therefore, a person can teach them any skill that the want. According to one of Watson’s famous quotes, he said that he can mould a child to a lawyer, doctor or anything he pleases. Bandura’s theory was social learning theory. He explained that a person can learn a behaviour through observing, he called it observational learning. He added that human beings think of consequences of a behaviour before developing it. Therefore, according to Bandura man is conscious of the behaviour he develops or he learns. Unlike bandura, Skinner believed that man did not consider the impact of behaviour they learn. Skinners explained his behaviour perspective using operant conditioning. He

Final exam - international relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final exam - international relation - Essay Example However, environmental decay has overtaken the world in the recent years, owing to the poor interaction of the herein stated forces. The discussion in this paper investigates the difference between floating and fixed exchange rates and the impacts of each style to a particular country in terms of benefits. The study of the guns vs. butter argument and what is meant by a peace dividend in International Relations is found crucial at this juncture to enhance the understanding of international relations. An overview of what sustainable development will also be provided in addition to relevance of three warning signs of environmental decay that has international consequences. What is the difference between floating and fixed exchange rates? How might each style benefit a particular country? Provide examples The value for money for utilization in distinct countries is determined by the exchange rates. The exchange rates entail the utilization of interconversional figures from a value in on e country, for ease of use in another country. Two main types of exchange rates are in existence, whose determinants are the usage terms and regulations. The currency amount that is set in advance prior to its reception is often identified as the fixed rate. The exchange rate termed as floating currency is often dependent on the exchange time and season, hence not fixed. The fixed currency exchange rate is also termed as pegged from in that the government via the central bank sets a particular value and formalizes it for official use, such that no alterations can be made in regards to that currency. On the other hand, the floating rate is also referred to as a self-correcting rate, since its value is dependent on the supply and demand ratios in the private market. Secondly, a fixed exchange rate creates room for certainty and predictability for those people involved in trade and other business activities. The floating rate has no room for certainty or predictability since the market forces often determine the value for exchange at a particular time or season. The sustainability aspect is also observed when a country has managed to fix its rates of exchange while the aspect is not really considered in the floating exchange since markets demands and supplies can shift at any time depending on the availability of goods and customers. The fixed exchange rates can only be regulated by a an authoritative body for instance the government via the utilization of the central bank while the floating rate can also be determined by the international corporations depending on movement of international products in and out of the market (Heakal, 2011). The fixed currency exchange rate is quite beneficial in a particular country due to its sustainable aspect. The fact that it is never affected by the market dynamics is vey crucial in the growth of the economy since it is until the other parties change their currencies for concession with the available currency. The business en tities in the country are at all times assured of certainty in the exchange rates, hence a factor for the boost of their production morale. Stability of currency is also a crucial component that is promoted via the fixed rates since no fluctuations are expected to occur at any time. The floating rate on the other hand is beneficial in its inclusion of compensation dynamics. The fact that demand and

Contextual design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contextual design - Coursework Example In natural environment customer and interviewer works together. Master/apprentice model has strong role of experience and habit that molds the action, if some things is based on experience there may some reason behind, to minimize effect of habit giving training to others plays a vital as the trainer explains the reasons of doing certain actions. The events and stories attached to a task also shared be master or trainer hence takes a learner to the event whose conclusions and teachings could help an individual in future works that he / she carries himself. Design team may learn same way through the experience of the customers by interviewing them. In experience they share important details and mistakes which become time saving and helpful information. This kind of work is based on observing ongoing working models rather rely on conceptual ideas. The designer not only learns to start like apprenticeship but also apply knowledge to integrate it with technology and take into account other people and concerned areas that comes under his domain. Through four principle guide, the apprenticeship model can be modified to meet design's team need. These are context, partnership, interpretation and focus. Context gives ongoing experience and concrete data.

Garden Path Model And The Constraint Based Model

Garden Path Model And The Constraint Based Model Theories into sentence processing can be viewed from two main accounts; a modular account or an interactive account. Garden path model proposed by Fraizer and Rayner (1982) supports the modular account, arguing sentence processing involves the analysis of each individual unit or module of a sentence, with little or no feedback, thus inhibiting correction. Whereas an interactive account supported by the constraint based theory, (McDonald, 1994) argues sentence processing involves immediate incorporation of all available information in creation of the final output. This essay will explore principles of both Garden Path Model and Constraint Based Theory of sentence processing, highlighting their similarities and differences as well as major strengths and weaknesses associated with both models. This essay will continuously compare and contrast both models on issues such as; minimal attachment and late closure, reanalysis, sentence length, contextual properties, working memory capacities and evidence from event related potentials in an attempt to answer the question in focus. The Garden path model proposed by Frazier and Rayner (1982), argues readers only consider initially one syntactic structure for any given sentence and meaning is not involved in the selection of preliminary syntactical meaning. Thus, readers and listeners can be misled by ambiguous sentences (i.e. garden path sentences). Whereas Constraint based theory proposed by MacDonald (1994), argues all relevant information is available immediately to the parser during reading and listening. The incoming information is analysed and all possible constraints or outputs are activated and ranked according to the strength of the subsequent activation. The syntactic structure receiving the most support from the constraints will be highly activated and thus chosen. In essence, activated constraints are in competition with one another and when two constraints are equally activated ambiguity arise. These two theories propose conflicting, basic ideologies; Garden Path model argues only one syntactic stru cture is initially considered and meaning is not involved in selection of syntactic meaning, whereas, constraint based theory argues all relevant information is used and several syntactical meanings are initially considered before the most appropriate is selected. Frazier and Rayners Garden Path Model proposes that listeners and readers chose the simplest syntactical structure by implementing two general principles; minimal attachment and late closure. The principle of minimal attachment states the grammatical structure producing the fewest nodes is preferred. Rayner and Pollatsek (1989) provided partial experimental support for minimal attachment. They used the sentences; The girl knew the answer by heart and The girl knew the answer was wrong. Rayner and Pollatsek observed the principle of minimal attachment led to a grammatical structure in which the answer is regarded as the direct object of the verb knew, this is appropriate for the first sentence but leads to ambiguity in the second sentence. Therefore it can be argued the principle of minimal attachment may not work for all sentences, highlighting a weakness. Altmann et al (1998), argue all possible meanings of a sentence are considered during, and at the end of a sentence and principle s of minimal attachment are inadequate in sentence processing, thus supporting the constraint based theory. Frazier and Rayner (1982) argue minimal attachment and late closer attempt to reduce pressure on working memory during sentence processing, making it less economically taxing, a strength of this theory. They recorded participants eye movements whist they read sentences like; since Jay always jogs a mile seems like a short distance. If readers construct both or all possible syntactic structures, there should be additional processing time at the point of disambiguation. Eye movement data provided support for the predictions of the garden path model. These finding are in opposition with the Constraint based theory that argues several constraints are activated before the output is chosen, thus making this method of sentence processing more taxing than the Garden Path model in which no interpretation is considered until the end of sentences (Clifton, 1993). Fodor and Inoue (2000) a rgue the parser works on the method of minimal processing and will do the minimum amount of analysis possible, supporting the Garden Path Model. Minimal attachment is argued to be universal to all languages (Frazier and Rayner (1982). However several studies contradict this argument. Cueto and Mitchell (1988), Carreiras and Clifton (1993, 1999) and Traxler et al (1998) found a low attachment preference within the English language but found a high attachment preference within the Spanish language. Thus meaning minimal attachment would not be applicable in the Spanish language. Thus conflicting the assumptions of the Garden Path Model. Mitchell et al (1995) argued attachment preferences may be different between languages due to the fact that in some languages, high relative clause attachment is most frequent, whereas in other languages such as English, low clause attachment is most frequent. As a result of these findings, cross-linguistic differences in clause attachments present a pr oblem for the Garden Path Model as the principles of minimal attachment and late closure assume a universal preference for low attachment. Highlighting a weakness The principle of late closer proposes new words encountered in sentences are attached to the current phrase or clause if grammatically permissible. This principle conflicts assumptions of the constraint based theory as meaning is assigned as new words are attached rather than when all information is available. Alternatively supporting the Constraint based theory Carreiras and Clifton (1993) provided evidence that readers do not follow the principle of late closure. They presented participants with sentences such as The spy that shot the daughter of the colonel who was standing on the balcony. According to late closure, readers or listeners should perceive this sentence as meaning the colonel, rather than the daughter, was standing on the balcony, however this was not observed. Principles of minimal attachment and late closure within the garden path model determine peoples initial analysis of sentences, however if initial analysis is inconsistent due to ambiguous sentences, a process of reanalysis must occur (Frazier and Rayner 1982). Reanalysis occurs when initial analysis is inconsistent with later information encountered. According to VanGompel and Pickering (1999) within the constraint based theory all possible analyses are activated with most appropriate being selected, thus meaning reanalysis does not take place. According to MacDonalds (1994) constraint based theory, processing difficulty only arises when two or more constraints have approximately equal activation resulting in competition. Constraints at the beginning of the sentence strongly activate one analysis but, disambiguating information encountered later on activates an alternative analysis, both possible analyses having equal activation competition results. This disambiguating information i ncreases time taken for the incorrect analysis to be inhibited and results in processing difficulties, a weakness of this theory. Ferreira and Henderson (1991) argued the further the head noun is from the point of disambiguation, the stronger readers or listeners will commit to a thematic analysis, thus making reanalysis more difficult. Another conflicting argument to Frazier and Rayners reanalysis principle was put forward by Sturt et al (2002) who showed that during reanalysis, attachment to a recent phrase is preferred to attachment to a more distant phrase, arguing reanalysis and reattachment of more distant phrases are more costly. However reanalysis does not always occur when disambiguation is encountered, highlighting a weakness of this theory. Christianson et al (2001) argued people do not always successfully discard their initial analysis after syntactic disambiguation is experienced, which is in contrast to most models of reanalysis and the garden path model. Participants read the sentence; while Anna dressed the baby that was small and cute spit up on the bed. Participants correctly identified who spat up on the bed, suggesting they had correctly analysed the baby as the subject of spit up. When asked if Anna dressed the baby, most participants answered yes. This finding led Christianson et al to conclude that readers adopted the baby as the subject, whilst maintaining the incorrect analysis where the baby was the object of the preceding verb dressed. Findings from this study provide arguments in contray to principles of successful reanalysis. Sentence length can have an influence in the process of reanalysis, but it has also been argued that sentence length can have an effect on overall initial processing of sentences prior to any reanalysis. Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001) argued longer phrases are harder to process and using minimal attachment more errors are likely to be made, showing a weakness of this theory. It has been found that disfluencies (including filled and silent pauses) lengthen sentences and make them harder to process. Bailey and Ferreira (2003) investigated the effects of sentence disfluencies, observing that disfluencies allowed parsers to linger on the initial parse and commit to an incorrect interpretation via minimal attachment and late closer, indicating a weakness of this theory. Christianson et al (2001) support this argument, concluding; the longer a parser lingers on an incorrect parse, the more likely they are to maintain an incorrect interpretation. Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009) investigated the effects of disfluencies on garden path processing. They found disfluencies resulted in more incorrect interpretations, suggesting sentence processing is not an all or none process, therefore discrediting the constraint based theory. Effective contextual properties have been found to provide supportive evidence for the constraint based theory. Spivey et al (2002) looked at eye movements in response to auditory garden path sentences within the context of visual arrays. They asked participants to put the apple on the towel in the box. They recorded participants eye movements to assess how the sentence was interpreted. According to the garden path model on the towel should initially be understood as the place where the apple should be put because it is the simplest syntactical structure. In the absence of visual context this is what was found. When the visual context consisted of two apples, one on a towel and the other on a napkin, participants rapidly interpreted on the towel as a way of identifying which apple was to be moved. Results show that visual contexts reduce ambiguity and prevent garden path effects. Event related potentials (ERP) have provided influential evidence in sentence processing. ERPs measure brain responses as the direct result of thought or perception. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) established an ERP of N400 following perception of semantic anomalies. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) found a syntactic anomaly produced an ERP of P600, As syntactic analysis only is involved in the garden path model, observing an ERP of P600 would indicate this model of processing. Osterhout, Holcomb and Swinney (1994) suggested that P600 is the marker of a garden path effect. However Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009) found that fluent garden path sentences resulted in P600 but garden path sentence containing a filled or silent pause activated an ERP of N400, this would suggest that these sentences are perceived as having a semantic anomaly which would discredit the garden path model of processing which claims semantic analysis is not involved in initial sentence analysis. P600 has been hypothesi sed to indicate memory updating and processes of reanalysis (Friederia 2001 and Frisch et al 2002), therefore being unique to the garden path model. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) have found a sentence containing both semantic and syntactic violations activate an ERP of both N400 and P600, suggesting semantic and syntactic processing work independently, supporting the garden path model rather than the constraint based theory. In conclusion the garden path model and the constraint based theory of sentence processing argue fairly conflicting ideologies, thus making these models very different. The garden path model argues the principles of minimal attachment and late closure, which is in contrast to the constraint based theory. The constraint based theory argues all possible interpretations of sentences are activated with the most appropriate being selected, arguing the absence of reanalysis; again this is in contrast to the garden path model. The garden path model only initially considers syntactical information whereas constraint based theory considers all available information but is very taxing on working memory. Both models have been shown to have many strengths and weaknesses. In relation to the title question it has been shown that both models offer reasonably contrasting arguments of sentence processing and no sole conclusive model of sentence processing has yet been established. Word Length= 2013 Bailey and Ferreira (2003) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Carreiras and Clifton (1993). In Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 363. Christianson et al (2001) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 291-292). Oxford: University Press. Christianson et al (2001) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Clifton et al (2003) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 290). Oxford: University Press. Cueto and Mitchell (1988), In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 293-294). Oxford: University Press. Datta et al (2004) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001), Misinterpretations of Garden-Path Sentences: Implications for Models of Sentence Processing and Reanalysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol 10, No.1, pp3-18. Ferreira and Clifton (1986) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 289). Oxford: University Press. Ferreira and Clifton (1986). InEysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361-364. Ferreira and Henderson (1991) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 291). Oxford: University Press. Fodor and Inoue (2000), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Frazier and Rayner (1982), cited in Gazzaniga, M.,S,, Ivry, R,B and Mangun, G.,R. Cognitive Neuroscience. The biology of the Mind. (first edition) Norton and Company. New York and London. Pp. 300-301. Frazier and Rayner (1982) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 289-307). Oxford: University Press. Frazier and Rayner (1982), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. Astudents Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Friederia (2001), in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Frisch et al (2002) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Frisch, Schlesewsky, Saddy and Alpermann (2002). in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Harley, T (Second Edition). The Psychology of Language. From Data to Theory. Hove:Psychology Press. Hills and Murray (2000).Iin Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Kolk et al (2003), in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Lau, E and Ferreir, F. Lingering Effects of Disfluent Material on Comprehension of Garden Path Sentences. Language and Cognitive Processes. 2005 Vol 20 (5), 633-666. MacDonald (1994), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 364. Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. McRae et al (1998), In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 293). Oxford: University Press. Mitchell et al (1995), In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 293-294). Oxford: University Press. Osterhout, Holcomb and Swinney (1994). In Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Osterhout (1997) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Osterhout and Nicol (1999), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 36362-363. Rayner, Garrod and Perfetti (1992), in Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001), Misinterpretations of Garden-Path Sentences: Implications for Models of Sentence Processing and Reanalysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol 10, No.1, pp3-18. Rayner and Pollatsek (1989) cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Spivey, Tanenhaus, Eberhard and Sedivy (2002) cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 363. Spivey, Tanenhaus, Eberhard and Sedivy (1995), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 363. Sturt et al (2002) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 291). Oxford: University Press. Traxler et al (1998). cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361 .Trueswekk, Tanehaus and Garnsey (1994). In Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 362. VanGompel, R and Pickering, M. ( ) Syntactic Parsing. In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 289-307). Oxford: University Press. VanGompel (2006) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 292). Oxford: University Press. Van Gompel, Sentenct Processing, in Brown et al (2006), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. (second edition) Oxford: Elsevier.

Classification of Movie Goers :: Classification Essay

Classification of Movie Goers Many people go to the movies. The movies are an escape into a fantasy world. Everyone has a different preference on what kind of movie is the best. Romance, horror, action, and comedy are different types of movies. The kind of movie someone goes to see can give clues to what kind of person they are. People who prefer horror films obviously like to be grossed out or like to be frightened. The horror fans probably tend to enjoy suspense and anxiety. One might suspect these people love to go on frightening roller coaster rides or do other things that would cause suspense and anxiousness. People of this nature might enjoy things that most people would not, considering the amount of gore produced in many horror films. For example, some people watch surgeries on TV. These shows contain blood and things disturbing to others. It would make sense to say that the person who has no problem with the gore in the movies could probably watch and enjoy a surgery on TV. Comedy, most people enjoy going to the movies and laughing. Although most people do enjoy a comedy here and there, some people try to be like the characters in them. These people love to laugh and try to make others laugh whenever possible. Sometimes this is a good thing and one would not mind being around them because they are actually funny. Nevertheless, some of them are down right annoying. If someone tells them they are annoying then that just means to them that they have to try harder to get people to laugh. People who love comedy always seem to love going out and having fun with their life. These types of people rarely get mad either. People who enjoy going out and living up life probably watch action adventure type movies. The ones who like these movies would probably get a kick out of being chased by the police in a car. Risky habits such as doing things that are against the law and hoping they don't get caught could be a trait of a person who likes action adventure movies also. Another thing they might participate in is extreme sports like bungie jumping or skydiving. They might watch the news on TV and hope that a big story with action might come in. Over all they seek what they see in the movies.

Global Animal Health Market Report Essay

Animal health market mainly comprises of medicines, medicinal feed additives and vaccines and caters to both food producing and companion animals. Food producing animals are species for the production of animal protein that include cattle (both beef and dairy), swine, poultry, sheep and fish whereas companion animals include dogs, cats and horses. Animal pharmaceuticals account for more than half of the animal health products market followed by biologicals and medicinal feed additives. Economic development and related increases in disposable income, particularly in many emerging markets; increasing pet ownership; increasing demand for improved nutrition, particularly animal protein; increased focus on food safety and need for greater livestock production efficiency are major factors driving the animal health market. North America is the largest animal health market followed by Europe, Asia and Latin America. The animal health care industry in Europe is majorly dominated by France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Within Asia, countries like Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and South Korea are developed markets and are characterized by extremely strict regulations. Demand for animal health products is more in emerging markets like India, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Taiwan. Animal health products are subject to extensive and increasingly stringent regulations. The animal health sector is highly competitive with top 10 players accounting for around 80% of the total market in 2011. Major market players include Pfizer, Merck, Merial, Elanco and Bayer. The report analyzes the global animal health market, with focus on its major segments. It also analyzes some of the major regional markets, including the US, the UK, China and India. The report discusses the major drivers and issues being experienced by the animal health market worldwide. It profiles the top three players in the global animal health market, along with their business strategies. By combining SPSS Inc.’s data integration and analysis capabilities with our relevant findings, we have predicted the future growth of the industry. We employed various significant variables that have an impact on this industry and created regression models with SPSS Base to determine the future direction of the industry. Before deploying the regression model, the relationship between several independent or predictor variables and the dependent variable was analyzed using standard SPSS output, including charts, tables and tests.

Atomic Mass Unit Definition (AMU)

Atomic Mass Unit Definition (AMU) In chemistry, an atomic mass unit or AMUÂ  is a physical constant equal to one-twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12. It is a unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. When the mass is expressed in AMU, it roughly reflects the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus (electrons have so much less mass that they are assumed to have a negligible effect). The symbol for the unit is u (unified atomic mass unit) or Da (Dalton), although AMUÂ  may still be used. 1 u 1 Da 1 amu (in modern usage) 1 g/mol Also Known As:Â  unified atomic mass unit (u), Dalton (Da), universal mass unit, either amu or AMU is an acceptable acronym for atomic mass unit The unified atomic mass unit is a physical constant that is accepted for use in the SI measurement system. It replaces the atomic mass unit (without the unified part) and is the mass of one nucleon (either a proton or a neutron) of a neutral carbon-12 atom in its ground state. Technically, the amu is the unit that was based on oxygen-16 until 1961, when it was redefined based on carbon-12. Today, people use the phrase atomic mass unit, but what they mean is unified atomic mass unit. One unified atomic mass unit is equal to: 1.66 yoctograms1.66053904020 x 10-27 kg1.66053904020 x 10-24 g931.49409511 MeV/c21822.8839 me History of the Atomic Mass Unit John Dalton first suggested a means of expressing relative atomic mass in 1803. He proposed the use of hydrogen-1 (protium). Wilhelm Ostwald suggested that relative atomic mass would be better if expressed in terms of 1/16th the mass of oxygen. When the existence of isotopes was discovered in 1912 and isotopic oxygen in 1929, the definition based on oxygen became confusing. Some scientists used an AMU based on the natural abundance of oxygen, while others used an AMU based on the oxygen-16 isotope. So, in 1961 the decision was made to use carbon-12 as the basis for the unit (to avoid any confusion with an oxygen-defined unit). The new unit was given the symbol u to replace amu, plus some scientists called the new unit a Dalton. However, u and Da were not universally adopted. Many scientists kept using the amu, just recognizing it was now based on carbon rather than oxygen. At present, values expressed in u, AMU, amu, and Da all describe the exact same measure. Examples of Values Expressed in Atomic Mass Units A hydrogen-1 atom has a mass of 1.007 u (or Da or amu).A carbon-12 atom is defined as having a mass of 12 u.The largest known protein, titin, has a mass of 3 x 106 Da.AMU is used to differentiate between isotopes. An atom of U-235, for example, has a lower AMU than one of U-238, since they differ by the number of neutrons in the atom.

Free Essays on Abortions

Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because the mother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to a full term. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and illegal in many countries. By aborting these unborn infants, humans are hurting themselves; they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities. Abortion is simply wrong. Everyone is raised knowing the difference between right and wrong. Murder is wrong, so why not abortion? People argue that it is not murder if the child is unborn. Abortion is murder since the fetus being destroyed is living, breathing and moving. Why is it that if an infant is destroyed a month before the birth, there is no problem, but if killed a month after birth, this is inhumane murder? It is morally and strategically fooli sh, because we lose the middle when we talk about reproductive rights without reference to a larger moral and spiritual dimension, and we are unwilling to use language like transgression and redemption, or right and wrong. The main purpose abortions are immoral is how they are so viciously done. Everyday, innocent, harmless fetuses that could soon be laughing children are being brutally destroyed. One form of abortion is to cut the fetus into pieces with serrated forceps before being removed, piece by piece from the uterus by suction with a vacuum aspirator. Another form consists of bringing the fetus feet first into the birth canal, puncturing its skull with a sharp instrument and sucking out the brain tissue. The body parts, such as the head, are given letters, rather than refer to the parts as what they are. In my opinion this is for the doctors who cannot face the reality of what they are doing. The remains of the fetus or embryo, as the case may be,... Free Essays on Abortions Free Essays on Abortions Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because the mother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to a full term. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and illegal in many countries. By aborting these unborn infants, humans are hurting themselves; they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities. Abortion is simply wrong. Everyone is raised knowing the difference between right and wrong. Murder is wrong, so why not abortion? People argue that it is not murder if the child is unborn. Abortion is murder since the fetus being destroyed is living, breathing and moving. Why is it that if an infant is destroyed a month before the birth, there is no problem, but if killed a month after birth, this is inhumane murder? It is morally and strategically fooli sh, because we lose the middle when we talk about reproductive rights without reference to a larger moral and spiritual dimension, and we are unwilling to use language like transgression and redemption, or right and wrong. The main purpose abortions are immoral is how they are so viciously done. Everyday, innocent, harmless fetuses that could soon be laughing children are being brutally destroyed. One form of abortion is to cut the fetus into pieces with serrated forceps before being removed, piece by piece from the uterus by suction with a vacuum aspirator. Another form consists of bringing the fetus feet first into the birth canal, puncturing its skull with a sharp instrument and sucking out the brain tissue. The body parts, such as the head, are given letters, rather than refer to the parts as what they are. In my opinion this is for the doctors who cannot face the reality of what they are doing. The remains of the fetus or embryo, as the case may be,... Free Essays on Abortions Throughout the years of history, there existed several controversial topics which have caused severe discrepancy among different groups of people. Abortion is a highly controversial issue which has been constantly argued over for the past few years and probably for many years to come in the future. The main controversy rests with the question of whether Abortion should be outlawed?- whether the law should permit a woman to have an abortion and, if so, under what circumstances or whether the law should protect the unborn. Abortion is the destruction of the fetus or unborn child while the child is still in the mothers womb. In other words, Abortion is the ending of pregnancy before birth. There are two sides to this controversial topic of abortion. One side is the PRO-LIFE, which describes those people who are against abortion altogether. The other side is the PRO- CHOICE which are those who believe it is the woman’s right to choose if she wants to have an abortion. ( David M. O'Brien, "Abortion," World Book Online America Edition,aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/) These two groups offer different solutions to problem. The pro-life solution is to have the child and basically live with it. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solution is abortion because of reasons they feel are appropriate. The controversy lies within Induced Abortion. Induced Abortion are procedures carried out to bring on abortion. Such include vacuum suction, which the most common type- this is used in the early stages of pregnancy, dilatation and evacuation (D and E), induction, which the injection of abortifacients such as prostaglandin into the uterus), and hysterotomy, which is a surgical procedure similar to cesarean section used later in pregnancy, especially when the woman’s life is in danger. (M. Muldoon, The Abortion Deb...

Theory of operation single phase induction generator at load state , Thesis

Theory of operation single phase induction generator at load state , - Thesis Example , the excitation voltage and frequency vary depending on the rotor speed, the values of the capacitance and the winding inductance and the load current. For any value of capacitance, there is a minimum rotor speed at which self-excitation would occur [1]. It is difficult to measure the self inductance of the generator winding directly. An approximation can be made by driving the rotor at synchronous speed and measuring the stator voltage and current. At the rotor synchronous speed, no current is induced in the rotor and it is a virtual open circuit. The measured impedance (V/I) can be approximated for the winding self-inductance. From the above equations, it is clear that the self-inductance of the winding would vary with the voltage induced in the winding. The variation of magnetizing inductance with voltage for a specific induction generator is shown in Fig 2. b) For a given speed of the rotor, the voltage generated in the winding would vary with the value of the connected parallel capacitor. The relationship between the terminal voltage and the value of the capacitor for a specific induction generator is shown in Fig 3. One requirement in any electrical generator is for the terminal voltage to remain constant when the connected load varies. Most electrical loads operate satisfactorily only in a narrow range around their rated voltage. The value of capacitance needed to maintain constant terminal voltage at a given rotor speed is shown in Fig 4 for a specific induction generator. The graph shows that the variation is linear. In addition to the constant voltage, an alternating current generator also needs to supply power at a constant frequency. For the single phase self-excited generator, we know from induction motor theory that as the load current changes, the slip between the rotor and the stator would vary and cause the induced stator frequency to vary. This relationship for a specific induction generator is shown in Fig 5. 1. Robinson, L. and Holmes,

UK Central Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UK Central Government - Essay Example Most such departments are led by ministers and the ministers are accountable to parliament and have to report on the progress of their department. Certain non-ministerial posts may also be given to people heading certain departments1. This essay will deal with the role of the governments, both local and central and examine to what extent the local governments are dependent on central government. Is there an issue of performance scrutiny Are the local governments completely controlled by the central government2 These are issues that will be discussed is some detail. The ministers are in charge of government departments and are known as secretaries of state. They are members of the cabinet and carry out duties that the Prime Minster allots to them. Certain holders of traditional offices may have no departmental duties. Ministerial responsibility refers to both the collective responsibility for government policy and actions which ministers share, and to the ministers' individual responsibility for the work of their own departments. Collective responsibility implies that ministers should support government decisions and policies once they have been made and strictly implement those policies. Departmental ministers must agree with government policies as a whole so ministers are either expected to support or resign (Direct.gov on Central govt, 2005). This shows the extreme control of the central government in policy matters. In recent years we have seen such cases of resignation when ministers have failed to support government policies for instance the decision to go to war against Iraq (BBC report 2003/2005)3. The junior ministers are parliamentary undersecretaries of State and they report to a minister and oversee certain functions of a department. Departmental ministers tend to decide on all matters within their responsibility although certain cases may involve the decision of more than one department and consequently more than one minister would be responsible for the decision. On taking up office ministers are required to resign from directorships of private and public companies and ensure that there is no conflict in public and private interests (Direct.gov on Centr al govt, 2005). The central government consists of a cabinet of 20 ministers chosen by the Prime Minister and include both departmental and non-departmental ministers. The Cabinet represents the true collective responsibility and is expected to take the final decisions on government policies and adhere to them. The cabinet meets weekly although its business remains confidential until policies are made public and official (Direct.gov on Central govt, 2005). The civil service helps the government to formulate policies, carry out decisions and administer public services for which they are responsible. As ofJune 2001, civil servants constituted about 2 per cent of the working population in employment and about 10 per cent of all public sector employees and half of all civil services provide their services directly to the public4. The Prime Minister is responsible for central co-ordination and management of the Civil Service (Direct.gov on Central govt, 2005). The central government also consists of executive agencies that are directly accountable to the ministers. These government agencies