Addiction And Substance Abuse And Addiction Essay

According to The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, addiction is defined as a chronic, complex disease which affects the functioning of the ones brain and body (â€Å"What is Addiction,† n.d.). There are more people struggling with abuse and addiction than people that have cancer, heart disease, or even cancer (â€Å"Addiction Prevalence,† n.d.). The abuse or addiction of alcohol, nicotine, or other drugs has affected the lives of over 40 million Americans, or more than one in seven people (â€Å"Addiction Prevalence,† n.d). Abusing drugs and alcohol can cause a snow-ball effect of serious consequences. Crime, violence, overdoses, suicide, and school problems are just a few of the consequences that can result from substance abuse (â€Å"What is the Difference Between Drug or Alcohol Abuse and Addiction,† n.d.). In the state of Pennsylvania alone, about twenty percent of the state budget is spent to account for the substance abuse and addict ion (â€Å"Pennsylvania,† n.d.). Of that twenty percent, eighty-one cents of every dollar is being spent to pay for the consequences of our failure to prevent and treat risky substance abuse and addiction (â€Å"Pennsylvania,† n.d.). Three cents of every dollar is spent on the prevention of risky substance abuse and addiction (â€Å"Pennsylvania,† n.d.). TOPIC STATEMENT—difference between abuse and addiction, major drugs used in the teen pop. First let’s take a look at the difference between substance abuse and substance addiction. A common misconceptionShow MoreRelatedAddiction : Substance Abuse And Addiction1602 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatly by substance abuse and addiction. Not only does it hurt the abuser directly, but it also becomes an enormous financial and social burden on society. Addiction wrecks families, and also highly correlates with poverty because the drug abuser ends up giving everything that they have to keep their addiction going. It also places extraordinarily high demands on the education, criminal justice, and social service systems. Children and babies both are dangerously impacted by the addiction of theirRead MoreBehavioral Addictions And Substance Abuse Addictions994 Words   |  4 PagesStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) added gambling disorder to the category titled Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis orders, 2013) In the previous edition of the DSM, gambling, along with other behavioral addictions were in the Impulse Control Disorders category of the DSM-III and DSM-IV (Clark, 2014). Behavioral Addictions are said to be around for hundreds of years. For example, gambling was part of daily life in ancientRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is An Addiction1626 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Substance abuse is an addiction and it is the addition, which is referred to a chronic disease. It is this chronic disease that is a significant and growing issue, especially among family units where either one or two parents and/or parental guardians suffer from. Despite the various and complex reasons that cause the parents or parental guardians to abuse substances, it is their children who suffer thus, significantly affecting the parent/parental guardian and child bonding relationshipRead MoreAddiction And Substance Abuse Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesIn the modern era both addiction and substance abuse are serious issues. In order to fix these issues we need to understand the different types of addiction and the difference between addiction and substance abuse. Firstly we need to understand what substance abuse and addiction are, let us start by looking at their definitions. Substance abuse is when someone misuses a specific substance for example alcohol. Addiction is when that someone repeatedly misuses the substance, so much so that they noRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Addiction Counselor1393 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse and Addiction Counselor Substance abuse as well as addiction is a topic many people choose to ignore or tend to believe that it does not affect them. Addiction itself does not seek out certain types of people but can affect anyone, at any time, for any reason. Stress, per pressure, financial trouble, even genetics all play a role in substance abuse and addiction. Unlike others, I don’t see substance abusers as weak willed but instead in need of guidance and someone to talk to aboutRead MoreIllegal Substance Abuse And Addiction1196 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal substance abuse and addiction can have far-reaching negative impacts that affect not only the people who abuse drugs but also their friends, family members, the community, and government resources. Substance abuse can lead to domestic violence, child abuse, suicide, crime, automobile accidents, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, and unwanted pregnancy. A particular area of concern of drug use and abuse is the impact of methamphetamine (meth) labs on public safety and the environmentRead MoreThe Problem Of Substance Abuse And Addiction752 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching other uses for this substance until he learned its addictive qualities. Even after he stopped promoting cocaine publically and considered this simply a chapter in his life, his usage did not stop entirely as he continued to use for various expressed reasons. Even in the background of this very subject substance abuse and addiction can be seen whether through research for the greater good that went bad or just addiction in its simple state. Addiction is something that has been an issueRead MoreDrug Addiction And Substance Abuse1808 Words   |  8 PagesAn addict may ask why they are addicted, and others are not. What makes them different, that this disease has taken over their life? Addiction includes biological, psychological, and behavioral factors. It is very dangerous emotionally, psychologically, and physically. Drug addiction or substance abuse is an ongoing uncontrollable need to use drugs, despite the harmful or negative consequences it causes. The person depends on drugs to keep functioning normally as the natural chemical balanceRead MoreSubstance Addictions and Abuse Counseling3641 Words   |  15 Pages Substance Abuse and Addictions Counseling Bristina Strzelecki Liberty University Abstract Substance abuse and addictions counseling is a newer counseling field. Although it is fairly new, there is so much research and so many guidelines to help someone make it through as a substance abuse and addictions counselor. It holds a great importance and people should be aware of the severity of substance abuse and addiction. This field has severalRead MoreThe Addiction Epidemic Of Substance Abuse Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Addiction Epidemic The use of substances for physical, mind and social advantage has been around since the beginning of documented history. Contemporary use of prescription medication for these advantages has led to a national epidemic of substance abuse. Health care providers need to recognize the disease process of addiction in order to effectively combat the growing epidemic of substance use disorders (SUD). Strategies to decrease the prevalence and incidence of SUD include defining addiction

The Education Standards Of Schools Essay - 1270 Words

Our Education Standards Although no one disputes the value of education, how the country should improve it is fiercely contested. Every few years, along comes a new idea to save American schools, be it enforcing standards, opening charter schools, providing vouchers for private education, or paying teachers based on their performance. The truth is that no plan can save the american education system, its the people within it that need to change. At the start of elementary school, students have a desire to succeed in school and be the best student they can be. Somewhere along the journey of school, many students lose this desire and become bad students. As youth, we plan to meet and ever exceed the expectations that are set upon us. Over the years however, we began to realize that we can do the bare minimum and still meet expectations. We are more worried about our grades and meeting expectations for some award, than we are about the knowledge we all have an opportunity to gain. This is where the problems all start. In order for us to change the way our education system is heading, our students have to regain their passion and desire to learn and exceed the expectations put upon them. When we receive our awful results on our test, it is easy to blame our teachers. The truth is more times than not our teachers are hard working individuals (like beth mcdaniel) that just can’t seem to make the students care about their academic performance. It has gotten to the point where highShow MoreRelatedHealth Education Content Standards For California Public Schools Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to the Health Education Content Standards for California Public Schools, in third grade students will learn about three overlying topics(Health, 2009). These three topics are (1) Growth and Development, (2) Mental, Social, and Emotional Health, and (3) Personal and Community Health. Within each of these major topics are different standards that should be taught throughout the year. My rese arch focuses in on the third grade Mental, Social, and Emotional Health standard 7.1 M: Practicing Health-EnhancingRead MoreThe Third Standard : Sixth Grade Section880 Words   |  4 Pageskindergarten through fifth grade section, the first standard focuses on locomotor skills, non-locomotors skills, and manipulatives (Arizona Department of Education, 2016). The second standard focuses on movement concepts and alignment (Arizona Department of Education, 2016). The third concept focuses on physical activity knowledge, fitness knowledge, assessment/program planning, and nutrition (Arizona Department of Education, 2016). The fourth standard emphasizes personal responsibility, accepting feedbackRead MoreRegulatory Bodies of the Education Sector927 Words   |  4 PagesExplain the roles of regulatory bodies relevant to the education sector which exists to monitor the legislative framework. In this essay I plan to define what a regulatory body is, giving examples of the most prominent ones. I will then highlight the regulatory bodies which are relevant to the education sector which exist to monitor the legislative framework, with discussion of the role of each and how they affect the school. WHAT IS A REGULATORY BODY â€Å"A regulatory agency (also regulatory authorityRead MoreReadiness Audit For Gulliver Academy996 Words   |  4 Pagesfor Gulliver Academy A curriculum management audit is an examination of a schools curriculum including the way it is written and delivered to students (Phi delta kappa international: Growing and connecting leaders in education, n.d.). The auditing team will compare 5 standards to the schools curriculum (Phi delta kappa international: Growing and connecting leaders in education, n.d.). A team of auditors will use the 5 standards to evaluate the effectiveness of a curriculum. The auditing team is usuallyRead MoreSocial Workers and Policy Advocacy Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation is students in an alternative school, ages 17-20. The current policy that will affect them most in their school career is the Common Core State Standards. This is a policy that puts in place educational standards (Florida Department of Education) that will be universal, hopefully in all states. After each state adopts the standards they can then base their curriculum on the standards (Florida Department of Education). This will help to make schools be on the same level academically and willRead MoreAs A Result Of Those Methods Being Less Effective, Led1020 Words   |  5 Pagespublic educational school system. Common core and No Child left behind became the newly welcomed processes concerning public school curriculums, expecting to unify all public schools on the same educational level. Additionally, disregarding their funding or the majority race attending the establishment. Some may believe that the methods of Common core has and continues to improve the educational system throughout the United States. Possible that Common Core would unify all schools across the statesRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind1693 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on the education of its citizens. The country’s government allots sufficient funding for its education, thus the country is considered the number one nation that spends on per student than any other nation in in the world. With the high price of education and th e high cost of funding, the country aims to ensure that all public schools in all states achieve quality education. The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Act is America’s law that expanded the role of the federal government in education reform, particularlyRead MoreCommon Core State Standards Act852 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Core State Standards Common Core State Standards is being heard throughout the education world. Many cringe when the words are spoken and many fight to support what the words stand for. Common Core was introduced in 2009 by state leaders. Common Core State Standards were developed to prepare children for the business world or the reality after grade school. â€Å"The Common Core is a set of high-quality academic standards in mathematics and English language arts/literacy, also known as ELA† (AboutRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Of 2001 ( Esea )1101 Words   |  5 Pagesprogress of the world depends almost entirely upon education.† By its public school system, the United States of America exemplifies this. Federally denied to none and paid by all, United States citizens have the opportunity to attend public school, should they choose. Over the past fifty years, America’s education system has undergone multiple changes. It began with President Lyndon B. Johnson signing into acti on the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) as an extension of his â€Å"WarRead MoreEducation Reform : Lost Focus On Education1433 Words   |  6 PagesEducation Reform:Lost Focus in Education Growing up in the public education system there are things that are noticed as you go through the system. The government places value in children receiving education and continue into higher education but, through my own experience there wasn’t the right focus nor the funds to reflect this value. I only attended public schools as my family made very little in terms of money but, there was something in common with all my schools and classes; there was a lot

Rich Con Free Essays

As a president off company, Marty should have concentrated on overall management of the company and lead it to meets its strategic goals. Instead, she became intimately involved in integrating the new IT system which demanded more than 75% of her time which she did not plan for. If Sawyer had appointed a board with IT expertise as well as Individuals with industry and process expertise, she could have been moderately involved with the project with more time to spend on the operations of the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Rich Con or any similar topic only for you Order Now Deliverables from this IT am would then be from selection of an IT system based on Rich-con’s need to flawless implementation of the system and then follow through its effectiveness for a period of time to make sure It Is working properly for all conditions. Lack of Fit-Gap Analysis: The business requirements were not defined to the vendor. The vendor did not care to understand the structure of the company, or the IT systems that Rich-Con already has in place. They were not familiar with the knowledge and expertise of the staff and the expectations of the customers. Marty and Rich-Con Pete for an â€Å"off-the-shelf† software package to implement in their organization. The selection process of the new IT system was based on some factors true for metal industries and some generic questions posed by Marty. By doing so, Rich-Con failed to recognize the Incompatibility risk of the replacement IT system. C. Omitting test phases and pilot launch prior to mass deployment of the new IT system: Any big change implementation should go through several testing phases with progressive maturity of features. Rich-Con failed to work with their vendor to customize the new system and test it out at multiple phases. They also did not go through a pilot launch phase to pick up a portion of its operations, rather than forcing the whole operations Into this new system all at once. With test phases and plot launch, employees would nave gotten ten opportunity to test out ten system, offer important feedback which would have resulted in minimal disruption to overall operations, should something go wrong. D. Insufficient training for transition to the new system: Marty Sawyer relied on the vendor to train her employees to learn he new IT system. There was no incentive for the employees to learn this system since they did not understand how their Jobs would change once the new system was in place. The vendor did a very poor Job in offering training since they took a push vs.. Pull method to offer help. They waited to be asked questions on features and usage rather than establishing a standard implementation methodology and guide the customer through that. The frustration of Marty showed in her comment, â€Å"We had people come in and do training. It Just never really took on a life of its own. † e. Lack of customization of application software to fit the need: Even though the vendor indicated that they would accommodate requests to modify the software, Marty did not take advantage of that. Rich-Con did not get the software tailored to fit its unique needs. In comparison, Marty spent time to configure the software to align with Rich-con’s business needs and importing all existing information to its database. Overall, to replace Rich-con’s antiquated IT system, Marty took a centralized decision making approach, rather than decentralization it to engage leads from every functional apartment of the organization. She lost important inputs from different work groups in that process. Other issues that Marty needed to manage simultaneously were to address Union problems, ensure that management of making the newly purchased Round operational, and address the reason of dropping sales figures and the inefficiency of the new management team. All these issues compounded and created a disaster for Rich-con’s operations. Question 2: Which CUBIT governance processes might have prevented these problems? The CUBIT governance processes that could have prevented these problems lie within Planning and Organizing’ and ‘Acquiring and Implementing the software implementation process at Rich-Con Steel. Although ‘Delivery and Support’ and ‘Monitoring and Evaluation’ are critical components following the implementation of new software, the problems could have been avoided if the two former processes were defined and followed. How to cite Rich Con, Papers

Sustainable Management Model Building

Question: Discuss about the Sustainable Management for Model Building. Answer: Introduction Marketing is one of the most important for an organisation.This report presents the background of Aldi Company and analyses the companys marketing strategies. It also outlines the nature of Aldis marketing strategies since it began. It also defines the marketing mix strategy of Aldi that is executed by the company to grow the business and to gain the market share of the company. This report also explains the strategic marketing options for Aldi to move forward. It also suggests the Ansoff matrix model useful for Aldi. Background to the Company Aldi is low price grocery leader in Australia, which executed simple approach such as retailing of grocery and increasing efficiency means company enables to provide the premium quality product at the low price. Further, the first retail store was opened in 1976 in U.S, Southeast Iowa. The company has 1500 stores in 34 states and also serving approximately 32 million customers in each month since 1976 (Aldi, 2017). The main aim of the company is to provide the grocery and household items at the low prices. Aldis first retail store was established in 1913 as it has developed itself as the reputable brand and awarded best dealers in the global business market. It also provides the high-quality products and services at the highly competitive price. Further, Aldi has grown their debut store in 2001 and also build the more than 270 stores across Australia (Aldi, 2017). It is one of the top 10 Australian retailers that persuaded the price of grocery and improve the insights of the customers. It also focuses on the quality of private label goods together with considering their exclusive brand philosophy. It has also developed the market leading initiatives that have never been implemented by their competitors in Australia. Aldi also focuses on ambition expansion initiatives where it seeks to logistics, new building, employee opportunities and high investment in new stores (Aldi, 2017). It has 8000 store location around the globe and also 60 years of experience. The Nature of Aldis Marketing Strategy or Strategies since it began Aldi uses marketing mix strategy since it began which involves the four Ps of marketing i.e. product, price, place, and promotion. This marketing strategy is significant for the company to improve its market share and profitability because it entails the unique combination of the right product, sold at the right price, in the right place by using the appropriate model and techniques of marketing (Kotler, et al., 2015). Further, market mix strategy of Aldi is a composite set of variables which focuses on providing the high-quality products because it is a cheaper option to the prominent brand. Aldi also uses AIDA (awareness, interest, desires and action) marketing model to meet the customers needs and wants. Moreover, it uses different communication models and channels to meet the marketing objectives of the company (Rosenbloom, 2012). Following are Ps of the marketing mix of Aldi: Aldi used own specialized brands since it began which generates positive financial position for business. In the beginning, Aldi has low marketing mix because it offers low-quality products. But, recently, it enables to attain the strong customer base due to offering high-quality products and services. Although, Aldi does not change their food products yet it focuses on producing a range of products that not only includes food but also includes differ product category (Armstrong, et al., 2014). For example, in beginning, it used snow tools and warm campaign tools in the winter season, which led to the customer to take action with respect to purchase. Therefore, Aldi sold their products by seasonal influences to the customers. But, now, Aldi offers high-quality products as it creates a distinct image in the customers mind. For example, Aldi provides the bread that is known by the most of the customers. Because, it accomplishes the marketing objectives such as to offer the high quality at a low price so, a large number of customers are aware of the quality and price of the products and services (Steenkamp, 2017). Moreover, in the beginning, and uses cost-effective packaging but it does not attract the customers because it contains the wastage of the products. But, in the recent years, Aldi focuses on reducing the unnecessary wastage by using the recycling process as it attracts the most of the customers towards their products and services (Piercy, 2016). Its packaging trends can be demonstrated as below: This strategy is crucial for Aldi to attract the more customers. In the earlier era, Aldi charges a low price for their products and services in order to increase their market share. Further, the swap and save campaign also used by the company as price penetration which aims to increase current market share as compared to its competitors. In recent years, it uses psychological pricing and competition pricing strategy in order to create a distinct image in customers insights as compared to its key market participants (Helm, and Gritsch, 2014). For example, alcohol products price of Aldi is slightly cheaper as compared to key marker players. This strategy entails that where products and services will be delivered and how products are brought to the store. In earlier years, it keeps its simple store layout due to focusing on cheaper per cost for the customers. Hence, Aldi has obligated to reduce the wastage in the shipping of products from the suppliers to stores (Piercy, 2016). But, in recent years, Aldi buys the products directly from the suppliers in bulk which helps to maintain a high quality of the products and services and also introduces new stores around the new place and across Australia. Promotion is significant to improve the awareness of the products that the company tries to trade and to bring into the marketplace. This strategy involves different communication tools such as advertising, media, and special offers like discount and other offers. In the earlier years, Aldi uses radio, television, magazines and newspaper to reach a large number of the customers (Helm, and Gritsch, 2014). But it was too expensive for the company. In recent years, it not only uses these promotional tools but also includes the e-marketing, public relation, and website of the company to promote the products and to catch the attention of a high number of customers as compared to its key market players (Piercy, 2016). Strategic Marketing Options for Aldi moving forward Ansoff matrix can be strategic marketing option for Aldi moving forward. This tool enables the business to identify the existing and potential markets and products growth strategy. This model is significant ways for Aldi by which company can grow through their existing and new products as well markets (Hussain, et al., 2013). Following are the for prospect product and market combination that can be used by Aldi: This strategy is less risky for the business because it controls the number of the existing resources and competencies. In this strategy, Aldi should continue to develop at the distinct level in Australia. Further, it should start a number of stores and also considers the different kinds of customers such as lower, middle, and high social backgrounds people (Vignali, 2015). Along with this, Aldi should provide the loyalty card to improve loyalty among loyal customer and it also leads them to continue shopping at Aldi stores. Market Development In this strategy, the business tries to trade its current products into the potential market. In this strategy, Aldi should seek to expand the additional new market segmentation and geographical areas in order to create its distinct image at the international level. This strategy can be effective for Aldi because it has core competencies that are more specific as compared to its experience in the new market (McDonald, and Wilson, 2016). This strategy is riskier as compared to market penetration because the company will expand their product into the new market. Product Development This strategy is used to launch new products into the current market. In this strategy, Aldi should develop the new competencies associated to its customers rather than to the specific product which can plea to existing market. This strategy is riskier as the market development. Moreover, Aldi should maintain the low costs and high profit margin in order to expand its set of products rapidly. Aldi must also launch new products and services to protect the revenue stream in order to grow the business in the future. In addition to this, the company should consider the involving the effective delivery system in order to satisfy the customers (Craciun, and Barbu, 2014). Aldi should focus on the attention of the customers such as quality of the products and effective pricing strategy. Diversification This strategy is riskier because it requires both market and product development in order to grow the business. There is high risk because the company has no experience about the new market and new product but there are possibilities of getting a high rate of return for the company. Further, in this strategy, Aldi should use the core competencies of outside the environment (Darroch, 2014). The company should also develop the new product categories and services and also focus on different product range to attract a large number of customers. As a result, it is suggested that these four strategies can be involved by Aldi to grow the business. But, market penetration is a more beneficial strategy for Aldi because it is less risky and less costly for the company. Further, it is effective to attract more customers and also enables the business to gain their market share. Conclusin From the above analysis, it can be concluded that Aldi is one of the leading retailers in Australia which influences the price of grocery and creates the positive position in the customers mind. It can be summarized that marketing mix is used as the marketing strategy because it combines the different components to persuade the more consumer to buy its products. Further, it can be concluded that Ansoff Matrix model can be used by Aldi because it enables the company to grow through their existing and new products as well markets. References Aldi (2017) About Aldi. [Online]. Available at: https://corporate.aldi.com.au/en/about-aldi/ (Accessed: 17 January 2017). Aldi (2017) Who is ALDI. [Online]. Available at: https://aldistorejobs.com/about-aldi (Accessed: 17 January 2017). Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., and Kotler, P. (2014) Principles of marketing. Australia: Pearson. Craciun, L., and Barbu, C. M. (2014) The Brand as Strategic Asset of the Organization,Revista de Management Comparative International,15(1), p. 69. Darroch, J. (2014) Ansoffs Growth MatrixIn Detail. InWhy Marketing to Women Doesnt Work(pp. 131-147). UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Helm, R., and Gritsch, S. (2014) Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets,International Business Review,23(2), pp. 418-428. Hussain, S., Khattak, J., Rizwan, A., and Latif, M. A. (2013) ANSOFF matrix, environment, and growth-an interactive triangle,Management and Administrative Sciences Review,2(2), pp. 196-206. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., and Armstrong, G. (2015)Marketing. Australia: Pearson Higher Education. McDonald, M., and Wilson, H. (2016) Planning: Yes, it Really Works! Experiences from the Real World,Marketing Plans 8e: How to Prepare Them, How to Profit from Them, pp. 603-614. Piercy, N. F. (2016)Market-led strategic change: Transforming the process of going to market. UK: Routledge. Rosenbloom, B. (2012)Marketing channels. USA: Cengage Learning. Steenkamp, J. B. (2017)Global Brand Strategy: Worldwide Marketing in the Age of Branding. Berlin: Springer. Vignali, C. (2015) Sustainable Management; Model Building for Decision Making,CULTUR-Revista de Cultura e Turismo,6(3), pp. 11-18.

Virtual Shopping in Malaysia free essay sample

Introduction During the period between late 18th and early 19th century, the world experienced the Industrial Revolution era, when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in most parts of the world. The commencement of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society because almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. Now, again the world is experiencing a similar kind of a revolution the era of the Internet. The Internet has already earned a permanent place in history as the innovation that has changed the way the world sends, receives and shares information. The effects of the Internet are felt by everyone from young preschoolers to senior adults, from rocket scientists to casual bloggers. The immediacy of the Internet gives people the means to latest news and updates, to network with friends and to buy almost anything they want or need, without ever having to get off the couch. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Shopping in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These phenomena can be attributed to the increasing use of the Internet in conducting businesses. Overview: Virtual Shopping From business point of view, the Internet has changed the ways companies sell products to customers and distribute products to retailers. The Internet has sprung e-commerce, by which companies or sites offer to transact or facilitate the selling of products and services online (Kotler Keller, 2009). Virtual shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the Internet and it is a type of e-commerce used for business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions (Wikipedia, 2009). Virtual shopping has experienced rapid growth since the early years and it is well known to most of the Internet researchers that, the volume of online business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions is increasing annually at a very high rate. According to ACNielsen (2008), more than 875 million people in the world have shopped online. The 2007 global survey conducted by ACNielsen also revealed that, over 85% of the world’s online population has used the Internet to make a purchase, up 40% from 2005. More than half of Internet users are regular online shoppers, who make online purchases at least once a month. ACNielsen also reported that, across the globe, the most popular and purchased items over the Internet are books (41% purchased), clothing/accessories/shoes (36%), videos/DVDs/games

Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination Essays

Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination Essays Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination Essay Workplace Diversity and Nondiscrimination Essay Discrimination at the workplace is not an unusual case nowadays; employees are being harassed on the behalf of their color, race, gender and creed and other minorities.   In this regard, the management of specific company must be able to handle this diversity efficiently (Bruhn, 1996). In order to ensure that employees are being protected, national and international organization is being established.   One of these is the International Labor Organization.   In accordance with ILO Convention, workplace discrimination is defined as â€Å"any difference, segregation or partiality done because of   race, color, gender, religion, political choice, countrywide origin or communal derivation (including   other characteristics too) that is intended to   the effect of invalidating or weakening equality of opportunity and conduct in service or profession, will be taken as workplace discrimination. Primarily, the goal of this paper is to cite some criminal ju stice system regarding workplace diversity and nondiscrimination. Criminal Justice System: Federal Laws and Policies against Discrimination The awareness of different people regarding workplace discrimination, specifically for those minorities with different race, culture and creed or even in terms of gender has pave the way for establishing laws and policies to protect them against discrimination and other maltreatment. Federal government has been able to formulate laws and policies prohibiting workplace discrimination to protect employees against maltreatment because of diversity. . Ø   In accordance with ‘Title Seven’ of the Civil Rights Act- 1964, employment unfairness oriented due to race, color, religious conviction, sexual category, or national basis, is highly prohibited. Ø   The Equal Pay Act, 1963 (EPA) is meant to protect person, who perform considerably equal work in the same organization but receive lower wedge due to sexual-discrimination. Ø   Employment Act1967 (ADEA) protects employees on their age basis. This is very useful for individuals who are 40 years of age or older; Ø     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First and Fifth Title of the â€Å"Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)† was included to bar service inequity against competent individuals with disabilities. This is equally applicable every sector incorporating private sector, state and local governments. Ø     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rehabilitation Act of 1973 encompasses few best laws in its sections 501 and 505.   These articles are comprised to stop distinction aligned with ‘experienced individuals’ with not a perfect physical state and their employment in federal government. United State Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) implements every law, which is mentioned above. EEOC also makes available ‘failure to notice’ and ‘synchronization’ of almost every federal equivalent work opportunity system, carrying out, and course of action. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA) also works in the direction of non-discrimination at workplaces, as it bars every discrimination with personnel in companies (EEOC v Wyoming, 460 US 226, 1983). Though there are many laws to prohibit distinction in employment. There are few cases, in which court has given a verdict against the employee, who had filed case due to discrimination at workplace. As in accordance with, U.S. 1st Circuit Court of Appeals; on ‘Civil Rights’, Health Law, Labor Employment Law; Title: Carroll v. Xerox Corp. In this case the plea of the employee got rejected because he was suffering from severe chest pain and was not able to handle the work load. This was a claim contending disability (Carroll v. Xerox Corp, 2002). . As per the case of Brown versus City of Tucson, a city police department did not hit back against a female police officer for the breach of the ADA. They instituted an investigation into an investigation and suspended her, but the officer was alleging that department hampered her ADA rights. Nevertheless, job related partiality rate is high but prohibition laws are effective. Though in some cases go beyond their reach (Beason v. United Techs, Corp, 2003). All in all, it can be concluded that employees have rights to be protected and the employers should always ensure that their employees should not be discriminated in any way. The management must be able to initiate some changes to adhere to the needs of equal labor.

An essay identifying and exploring the factors impacting on childrens

An identifying and exploring the factors impacting on childrens physical and psychological development in the present day - Essay Example Some philosophers during the ancient times believed that the neonate possessed some inborn character traits. The philosophers noted that people recollect the knowledge, which remain dormant in the brain. However, some philosophers contradicted the old philosophers saying that the brain of a born child was like a blank slate. They believed that the human experience moulds their behaviour. Apparently, more philosophers stack to nature as the determinant for human behaviours. Even so, some philosophers stood concrete on their decision that the environmental influence influenced human traits. Nevertheless, conclusions have that interaction between nature and nurture typically explains human character traits. Psychology founding fathers for instance, John B Watson, Albert Bandura and BF skinner. Both psychologist discussed the psychology behind behaviour of people. Each father had different though. However, they relied on a similar platform which is behaviour develops either through nurture or nature. John B major theory of behaviour was behaviourism theory. Through the theory Watson explained that it is possible to mould behaviour of a child as a person pleases. Explains that when a child is born, he/she does not know anything. Therefore, a person can teach them any skill that the want. According to one of Watson’s famous quotes, he said that he can mould a child to a lawyer, doctor or anything he pleases. Bandura’s theory was social learning theory. He explained that a person can learn a behaviour through observing, he called it observational learning. He added that human beings think of consequences of a behaviour before developing it. Therefore, according to Bandura man is conscious of the behaviour he develops or he learns. Unlike bandura, Skinner believed that man did not consider the impact of behaviour they learn. Skinners explained his behaviour perspective using operant conditioning. He

Final exam - international relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final exam - international relation - Essay Example However, environmental decay has overtaken the world in the recent years, owing to the poor interaction of the herein stated forces. The discussion in this paper investigates the difference between floating and fixed exchange rates and the impacts of each style to a particular country in terms of benefits. The study of the guns vs. butter argument and what is meant by a peace dividend in International Relations is found crucial at this juncture to enhance the understanding of international relations. An overview of what sustainable development will also be provided in addition to relevance of three warning signs of environmental decay that has international consequences. What is the difference between floating and fixed exchange rates? How might each style benefit a particular country? Provide examples The value for money for utilization in distinct countries is determined by the exchange rates. The exchange rates entail the utilization of interconversional figures from a value in on e country, for ease of use in another country. Two main types of exchange rates are in existence, whose determinants are the usage terms and regulations. The currency amount that is set in advance prior to its reception is often identified as the fixed rate. The exchange rate termed as floating currency is often dependent on the exchange time and season, hence not fixed. The fixed currency exchange rate is also termed as pegged from in that the government via the central bank sets a particular value and formalizes it for official use, such that no alterations can be made in regards to that currency. On the other hand, the floating rate is also referred to as a self-correcting rate, since its value is dependent on the supply and demand ratios in the private market. Secondly, a fixed exchange rate creates room for certainty and predictability for those people involved in trade and other business activities. The floating rate has no room for certainty or predictability since the market forces often determine the value for exchange at a particular time or season. The sustainability aspect is also observed when a country has managed to fix its rates of exchange while the aspect is not really considered in the floating exchange since markets demands and supplies can shift at any time depending on the availability of goods and customers. The fixed exchange rates can only be regulated by a an authoritative body for instance the government via the utilization of the central bank while the floating rate can also be determined by the international corporations depending on movement of international products in and out of the market (Heakal, 2011). The fixed currency exchange rate is quite beneficial in a particular country due to its sustainable aspect. The fact that it is never affected by the market dynamics is vey crucial in the growth of the economy since it is until the other parties change their currencies for concession with the available currency. The business en tities in the country are at all times assured of certainty in the exchange rates, hence a factor for the boost of their production morale. Stability of currency is also a crucial component that is promoted via the fixed rates since no fluctuations are expected to occur at any time. The floating rate on the other hand is beneficial in its inclusion of compensation dynamics. The fact that demand and

Contextual design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contextual design - Coursework Example In natural environment customer and interviewer works together. Master/apprentice model has strong role of experience and habit that molds the action, if some things is based on experience there may some reason behind, to minimize effect of habit giving training to others plays a vital as the trainer explains the reasons of doing certain actions. The events and stories attached to a task also shared be master or trainer hence takes a learner to the event whose conclusions and teachings could help an individual in future works that he / she carries himself. Design team may learn same way through the experience of the customers by interviewing them. In experience they share important details and mistakes which become time saving and helpful information. This kind of work is based on observing ongoing working models rather rely on conceptual ideas. The designer not only learns to start like apprenticeship but also apply knowledge to integrate it with technology and take into account other people and concerned areas that comes under his domain. Through four principle guide, the apprenticeship model can be modified to meet design's team need. These are context, partnership, interpretation and focus. Context gives ongoing experience and concrete data.

Garden Path Model And The Constraint Based Model

Garden Path Model And The Constraint Based Model Theories into sentence processing can be viewed from two main accounts; a modular account or an interactive account. Garden path model proposed by Fraizer and Rayner (1982) supports the modular account, arguing sentence processing involves the analysis of each individual unit or module of a sentence, with little or no feedback, thus inhibiting correction. Whereas an interactive account supported by the constraint based theory, (McDonald, 1994) argues sentence processing involves immediate incorporation of all available information in creation of the final output. This essay will explore principles of both Garden Path Model and Constraint Based Theory of sentence processing, highlighting their similarities and differences as well as major strengths and weaknesses associated with both models. This essay will continuously compare and contrast both models on issues such as; minimal attachment and late closure, reanalysis, sentence length, contextual properties, working memory capacities and evidence from event related potentials in an attempt to answer the question in focus. The Garden path model proposed by Frazier and Rayner (1982), argues readers only consider initially one syntactic structure for any given sentence and meaning is not involved in the selection of preliminary syntactical meaning. Thus, readers and listeners can be misled by ambiguous sentences (i.e. garden path sentences). Whereas Constraint based theory proposed by MacDonald (1994), argues all relevant information is available immediately to the parser during reading and listening. The incoming information is analysed and all possible constraints or outputs are activated and ranked according to the strength of the subsequent activation. The syntactic structure receiving the most support from the constraints will be highly activated and thus chosen. In essence, activated constraints are in competition with one another and when two constraints are equally activated ambiguity arise. These two theories propose conflicting, basic ideologies; Garden Path model argues only one syntactic stru cture is initially considered and meaning is not involved in selection of syntactic meaning, whereas, constraint based theory argues all relevant information is used and several syntactical meanings are initially considered before the most appropriate is selected. Frazier and Rayners Garden Path Model proposes that listeners and readers chose the simplest syntactical structure by implementing two general principles; minimal attachment and late closure. The principle of minimal attachment states the grammatical structure producing the fewest nodes is preferred. Rayner and Pollatsek (1989) provided partial experimental support for minimal attachment. They used the sentences; The girl knew the answer by heart and The girl knew the answer was wrong. Rayner and Pollatsek observed the principle of minimal attachment led to a grammatical structure in which the answer is regarded as the direct object of the verb knew, this is appropriate for the first sentence but leads to ambiguity in the second sentence. Therefore it can be argued the principle of minimal attachment may not work for all sentences, highlighting a weakness. Altmann et al (1998), argue all possible meanings of a sentence are considered during, and at the end of a sentence and principle s of minimal attachment are inadequate in sentence processing, thus supporting the constraint based theory. Frazier and Rayner (1982) argue minimal attachment and late closer attempt to reduce pressure on working memory during sentence processing, making it less economically taxing, a strength of this theory. They recorded participants eye movements whist they read sentences like; since Jay always jogs a mile seems like a short distance. If readers construct both or all possible syntactic structures, there should be additional processing time at the point of disambiguation. Eye movement data provided support for the predictions of the garden path model. These finding are in opposition with the Constraint based theory that argues several constraints are activated before the output is chosen, thus making this method of sentence processing more taxing than the Garden Path model in which no interpretation is considered until the end of sentences (Clifton, 1993). Fodor and Inoue (2000) a rgue the parser works on the method of minimal processing and will do the minimum amount of analysis possible, supporting the Garden Path Model. Minimal attachment is argued to be universal to all languages (Frazier and Rayner (1982). However several studies contradict this argument. Cueto and Mitchell (1988), Carreiras and Clifton (1993, 1999) and Traxler et al (1998) found a low attachment preference within the English language but found a high attachment preference within the Spanish language. Thus meaning minimal attachment would not be applicable in the Spanish language. Thus conflicting the assumptions of the Garden Path Model. Mitchell et al (1995) argued attachment preferences may be different between languages due to the fact that in some languages, high relative clause attachment is most frequent, whereas in other languages such as English, low clause attachment is most frequent. As a result of these findings, cross-linguistic differences in clause attachments present a pr oblem for the Garden Path Model as the principles of minimal attachment and late closure assume a universal preference for low attachment. Highlighting a weakness The principle of late closer proposes new words encountered in sentences are attached to the current phrase or clause if grammatically permissible. This principle conflicts assumptions of the constraint based theory as meaning is assigned as new words are attached rather than when all information is available. Alternatively supporting the Constraint based theory Carreiras and Clifton (1993) provided evidence that readers do not follow the principle of late closure. They presented participants with sentences such as The spy that shot the daughter of the colonel who was standing on the balcony. According to late closure, readers or listeners should perceive this sentence as meaning the colonel, rather than the daughter, was standing on the balcony, however this was not observed. Principles of minimal attachment and late closure within the garden path model determine peoples initial analysis of sentences, however if initial analysis is inconsistent due to ambiguous sentences, a process of reanalysis must occur (Frazier and Rayner 1982). Reanalysis occurs when initial analysis is inconsistent with later information encountered. According to VanGompel and Pickering (1999) within the constraint based theory all possible analyses are activated with most appropriate being selected, thus meaning reanalysis does not take place. According to MacDonalds (1994) constraint based theory, processing difficulty only arises when two or more constraints have approximately equal activation resulting in competition. Constraints at the beginning of the sentence strongly activate one analysis but, disambiguating information encountered later on activates an alternative analysis, both possible analyses having equal activation competition results. This disambiguating information i ncreases time taken for the incorrect analysis to be inhibited and results in processing difficulties, a weakness of this theory. Ferreira and Henderson (1991) argued the further the head noun is from the point of disambiguation, the stronger readers or listeners will commit to a thematic analysis, thus making reanalysis more difficult. Another conflicting argument to Frazier and Rayners reanalysis principle was put forward by Sturt et al (2002) who showed that during reanalysis, attachment to a recent phrase is preferred to attachment to a more distant phrase, arguing reanalysis and reattachment of more distant phrases are more costly. However reanalysis does not always occur when disambiguation is encountered, highlighting a weakness of this theory. Christianson et al (2001) argued people do not always successfully discard their initial analysis after syntactic disambiguation is experienced, which is in contrast to most models of reanalysis and the garden path model. Participants read the sentence; while Anna dressed the baby that was small and cute spit up on the bed. Participants correctly identified who spat up on the bed, suggesting they had correctly analysed the baby as the subject of spit up. When asked if Anna dressed the baby, most participants answered yes. This finding led Christianson et al to conclude that readers adopted the baby as the subject, whilst maintaining the incorrect analysis where the baby was the object of the preceding verb dressed. Findings from this study provide arguments in contray to principles of successful reanalysis. Sentence length can have an influence in the process of reanalysis, but it has also been argued that sentence length can have an effect on overall initial processing of sentences prior to any reanalysis. Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001) argued longer phrases are harder to process and using minimal attachment more errors are likely to be made, showing a weakness of this theory. It has been found that disfluencies (including filled and silent pauses) lengthen sentences and make them harder to process. Bailey and Ferreira (2003) investigated the effects of sentence disfluencies, observing that disfluencies allowed parsers to linger on the initial parse and commit to an incorrect interpretation via minimal attachment and late closer, indicating a weakness of this theory. Christianson et al (2001) support this argument, concluding; the longer a parser lingers on an incorrect parse, the more likely they are to maintain an incorrect interpretation. Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009) investigated the effects of disfluencies on garden path processing. They found disfluencies resulted in more incorrect interpretations, suggesting sentence processing is not an all or none process, therefore discrediting the constraint based theory. Effective contextual properties have been found to provide supportive evidence for the constraint based theory. Spivey et al (2002) looked at eye movements in response to auditory garden path sentences within the context of visual arrays. They asked participants to put the apple on the towel in the box. They recorded participants eye movements to assess how the sentence was interpreted. According to the garden path model on the towel should initially be understood as the place where the apple should be put because it is the simplest syntactical structure. In the absence of visual context this is what was found. When the visual context consisted of two apples, one on a towel and the other on a napkin, participants rapidly interpreted on the towel as a way of identifying which apple was to be moved. Results show that visual contexts reduce ambiguity and prevent garden path effects. Event related potentials (ERP) have provided influential evidence in sentence processing. ERPs measure brain responses as the direct result of thought or perception. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) established an ERP of N400 following perception of semantic anomalies. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) found a syntactic anomaly produced an ERP of P600, As syntactic analysis only is involved in the garden path model, observing an ERP of P600 would indicate this model of processing. Osterhout, Holcomb and Swinney (1994) suggested that P600 is the marker of a garden path effect. However Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009) found that fluent garden path sentences resulted in P600 but garden path sentence containing a filled or silent pause activated an ERP of N400, this would suggest that these sentences are perceived as having a semantic anomaly which would discredit the garden path model of processing which claims semantic analysis is not involved in initial sentence analysis. P600 has been hypothesi sed to indicate memory updating and processes of reanalysis (Friederia 2001 and Frisch et al 2002), therefore being unique to the garden path model. Osterhout and Nicol (1999) have found a sentence containing both semantic and syntactic violations activate an ERP of both N400 and P600, suggesting semantic and syntactic processing work independently, supporting the garden path model rather than the constraint based theory. In conclusion the garden path model and the constraint based theory of sentence processing argue fairly conflicting ideologies, thus making these models very different. The garden path model argues the principles of minimal attachment and late closure, which is in contrast to the constraint based theory. The constraint based theory argues all possible interpretations of sentences are activated with the most appropriate being selected, arguing the absence of reanalysis; again this is in contrast to the garden path model. The garden path model only initially considers syntactical information whereas constraint based theory considers all available information but is very taxing on working memory. Both models have been shown to have many strengths and weaknesses. In relation to the title question it has been shown that both models offer reasonably contrasting arguments of sentence processing and no sole conclusive model of sentence processing has yet been established. Word Length= 2013 Bailey and Ferreira (2003) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Carreiras and Clifton (1993). In Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 363. Christianson et al (2001) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 291-292). Oxford: University Press. Christianson et al (2001) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Clifton et al (2003) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 290). Oxford: University Press. Cueto and Mitchell (1988), In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 293-294). Oxford: University Press. Datta et al (2004) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001), Misinterpretations of Garden-Path Sentences: Implications for Models of Sentence Processing and Reanalysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol 10, No.1, pp3-18. Ferreira and Clifton (1986) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 289). Oxford: University Press. Ferreira and Clifton (1986). InEysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361-364. Ferreira and Henderson (1991) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 291). Oxford: University Press. Fodor and Inoue (2000), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Frazier and Rayner (1982), cited in Gazzaniga, M.,S,, Ivry, R,B and Mangun, G.,R. Cognitive Neuroscience. The biology of the Mind. (first edition) Norton and Company. New York and London. Pp. 300-301. Frazier and Rayner (1982) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 289-307). Oxford: University Press. Frazier and Rayner (1982), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. Astudents Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Friederia (2001), in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Frisch et al (2002) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Frisch, Schlesewsky, Saddy and Alpermann (2002). in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Harley, T (Second Edition). The Psychology of Language. From Data to Theory. Hove:Psychology Press. Hills and Murray (2000).Iin Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Kolk et al (2003), in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Lau, E and Ferreir, F. Lingering Effects of Disfluent Material on Comprehension of Garden Path Sentences. Language and Cognitive Processes. 2005 Vol 20 (5), 633-666. MacDonald (1994), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 364. Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. McRae et al (1998), In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 293). Oxford: University Press. Mitchell et al (1995), In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 293-294). Oxford: University Press. Osterhout, Holcomb and Swinney (1994). In Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Garden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Osterhout (1997) in Maxfield, Lyon and Silliman (2009). Disfluencies along the Granden Path: Brain electrophysiological evidence of disrupted sentence processing. Brain and Language, 111, 86-100. Osterhout and Nicol (1999), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 36362-363. Rayner, Garrod and Perfetti (1992), in Ferreira, Christianson and Hollingworth (2001), Misinterpretations of Garden-Path Sentences: Implications for Models of Sentence Processing and Reanalysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol 10, No.1, pp3-18. Rayner and Pollatsek (1989) cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361. Spivey, Tanenhaus, Eberhard and Sedivy (2002) cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 363. Spivey, Tanenhaus, Eberhard and Sedivy (1995), cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 363. Sturt et al (2002) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 291). Oxford: University Press. Traxler et al (1998). cited in Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 361 .Trueswekk, Tanehaus and Garnsey (1994). In Eysenck, M, W and Keane, M.,T. Cognitive Psychology. A students Handbook. (fith edition), Psychology Press. pp. 362. VanGompel, R and Pickering, M. ( ) Syntactic Parsing. In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 289-307). Oxford: University Press. VanGompel (2006) In Gaskell, G. The Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (pp 292). Oxford: University Press. Van Gompel, Sentenct Processing, in Brown et al (2006), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. (second edition) Oxford: Elsevier.

Classification of Movie Goers :: Classification Essay

Classification of Movie Goers Many people go to the movies. The movies are an escape into a fantasy world. Everyone has a different preference on what kind of movie is the best. Romance, horror, action, and comedy are different types of movies. The kind of movie someone goes to see can give clues to what kind of person they are. People who prefer horror films obviously like to be grossed out or like to be frightened. The horror fans probably tend to enjoy suspense and anxiety. One might suspect these people love to go on frightening roller coaster rides or do other things that would cause suspense and anxiousness. People of this nature might enjoy things that most people would not, considering the amount of gore produced in many horror films. For example, some people watch surgeries on TV. These shows contain blood and things disturbing to others. It would make sense to say that the person who has no problem with the gore in the movies could probably watch and enjoy a surgery on TV. Comedy, most people enjoy going to the movies and laughing. Although most people do enjoy a comedy here and there, some people try to be like the characters in them. These people love to laugh and try to make others laugh whenever possible. Sometimes this is a good thing and one would not mind being around them because they are actually funny. Nevertheless, some of them are down right annoying. If someone tells them they are annoying then that just means to them that they have to try harder to get people to laugh. People who love comedy always seem to love going out and having fun with their life. These types of people rarely get mad either. People who enjoy going out and living up life probably watch action adventure type movies. The ones who like these movies would probably get a kick out of being chased by the police in a car. Risky habits such as doing things that are against the law and hoping they don't get caught could be a trait of a person who likes action adventure movies also. Another thing they might participate in is extreme sports like bungie jumping or skydiving. They might watch the news on TV and hope that a big story with action might come in. Over all they seek what they see in the movies.

Global Animal Health Market Report Essay

Animal health market mainly comprises of medicines, medicinal feed additives and vaccines and caters to both food producing and companion animals. Food producing animals are species for the production of animal protein that include cattle (both beef and dairy), swine, poultry, sheep and fish whereas companion animals include dogs, cats and horses. Animal pharmaceuticals account for more than half of the animal health products market followed by biologicals and medicinal feed additives. Economic development and related increases in disposable income, particularly in many emerging markets; increasing pet ownership; increasing demand for improved nutrition, particularly animal protein; increased focus on food safety and need for greater livestock production efficiency are major factors driving the animal health market. North America is the largest animal health market followed by Europe, Asia and Latin America. The animal health care industry in Europe is majorly dominated by France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Within Asia, countries like Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and South Korea are developed markets and are characterized by extremely strict regulations. Demand for animal health products is more in emerging markets like India, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Taiwan. Animal health products are subject to extensive and increasingly stringent regulations. The animal health sector is highly competitive with top 10 players accounting for around 80% of the total market in 2011. Major market players include Pfizer, Merck, Merial, Elanco and Bayer. The report analyzes the global animal health market, with focus on its major segments. It also analyzes some of the major regional markets, including the US, the UK, China and India. The report discusses the major drivers and issues being experienced by the animal health market worldwide. It profiles the top three players in the global animal health market, along with their business strategies. By combining SPSS Inc.’s data integration and analysis capabilities with our relevant findings, we have predicted the future growth of the industry. We employed various significant variables that have an impact on this industry and created regression models with SPSS Base to determine the future direction of the industry. Before deploying the regression model, the relationship between several independent or predictor variables and the dependent variable was analyzed using standard SPSS output, including charts, tables and tests.

Atomic Mass Unit Definition (AMU)

Atomic Mass Unit Definition (AMU) In chemistry, an atomic mass unit or AMUÂ  is a physical constant equal to one-twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of carbon-12. It is a unit of mass used to express atomic masses and molecular masses. When the mass is expressed in AMU, it roughly reflects the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus (electrons have so much less mass that they are assumed to have a negligible effect). The symbol for the unit is u (unified atomic mass unit) or Da (Dalton), although AMUÂ  may still be used. 1 u 1 Da 1 amu (in modern usage) 1 g/mol Also Known As:Â  unified atomic mass unit (u), Dalton (Da), universal mass unit, either amu or AMU is an acceptable acronym for atomic mass unit The unified atomic mass unit is a physical constant that is accepted for use in the SI measurement system. It replaces the atomic mass unit (without the unified part) and is the mass of one nucleon (either a proton or a neutron) of a neutral carbon-12 atom in its ground state. Technically, the amu is the unit that was based on oxygen-16 until 1961, when it was redefined based on carbon-12. Today, people use the phrase atomic mass unit, but what they mean is unified atomic mass unit. One unified atomic mass unit is equal to: 1.66 yoctograms1.66053904020 x 10-27 kg1.66053904020 x 10-24 g931.49409511 MeV/c21822.8839 me History of the Atomic Mass Unit John Dalton first suggested a means of expressing relative atomic mass in 1803. He proposed the use of hydrogen-1 (protium). Wilhelm Ostwald suggested that relative atomic mass would be better if expressed in terms of 1/16th the mass of oxygen. When the existence of isotopes was discovered in 1912 and isotopic oxygen in 1929, the definition based on oxygen became confusing. Some scientists used an AMU based on the natural abundance of oxygen, while others used an AMU based on the oxygen-16 isotope. So, in 1961 the decision was made to use carbon-12 as the basis for the unit (to avoid any confusion with an oxygen-defined unit). The new unit was given the symbol u to replace amu, plus some scientists called the new unit a Dalton. However, u and Da were not universally adopted. Many scientists kept using the amu, just recognizing it was now based on carbon rather than oxygen. At present, values expressed in u, AMU, amu, and Da all describe the exact same measure. Examples of Values Expressed in Atomic Mass Units A hydrogen-1 atom has a mass of 1.007 u (or Da or amu).A carbon-12 atom is defined as having a mass of 12 u.The largest known protein, titin, has a mass of 3 x 106 Da.AMU is used to differentiate between isotopes. An atom of U-235, for example, has a lower AMU than one of U-238, since they differ by the number of neutrons in the atom.

Free Essays on Abortions

Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because the mother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to a full term. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and illegal in many countries. By aborting these unborn infants, humans are hurting themselves; they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities. Abortion is simply wrong. Everyone is raised knowing the difference between right and wrong. Murder is wrong, so why not abortion? People argue that it is not murder if the child is unborn. Abortion is murder since the fetus being destroyed is living, breathing and moving. Why is it that if an infant is destroyed a month before the birth, there is no problem, but if killed a month after birth, this is inhumane murder? It is morally and strategically fooli sh, because we lose the middle when we talk about reproductive rights without reference to a larger moral and spiritual dimension, and we are unwilling to use language like transgression and redemption, or right and wrong. The main purpose abortions are immoral is how they are so viciously done. Everyday, innocent, harmless fetuses that could soon be laughing children are being brutally destroyed. One form of abortion is to cut the fetus into pieces with serrated forceps before being removed, piece by piece from the uterus by suction with a vacuum aspirator. Another form consists of bringing the fetus feet first into the birth canal, puncturing its skull with a sharp instrument and sucking out the brain tissue. The body parts, such as the head, are given letters, rather than refer to the parts as what they are. In my opinion this is for the doctors who cannot face the reality of what they are doing. The remains of the fetus or embryo, as the case may be,... Free Essays on Abortions Free Essays on Abortions Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before birth, resulting in, or accompanied by, the death of the fetus. Some abortions occur naturally because a fetus does not develop normally. Or because the mother has an injury or disorder that prevents her from carrying the pregnancy to a full term. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and illegal in many countries. By aborting these unborn infants, humans are hurting themselves; they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities. Abortion is simply wrong. Everyone is raised knowing the difference between right and wrong. Murder is wrong, so why not abortion? People argue that it is not murder if the child is unborn. Abortion is murder since the fetus being destroyed is living, breathing and moving. Why is it that if an infant is destroyed a month before the birth, there is no problem, but if killed a month after birth, this is inhumane murder? It is morally and strategically fooli sh, because we lose the middle when we talk about reproductive rights without reference to a larger moral and spiritual dimension, and we are unwilling to use language like transgression and redemption, or right and wrong. The main purpose abortions are immoral is how they are so viciously done. Everyday, innocent, harmless fetuses that could soon be laughing children are being brutally destroyed. One form of abortion is to cut the fetus into pieces with serrated forceps before being removed, piece by piece from the uterus by suction with a vacuum aspirator. Another form consists of bringing the fetus feet first into the birth canal, puncturing its skull with a sharp instrument and sucking out the brain tissue. The body parts, such as the head, are given letters, rather than refer to the parts as what they are. In my opinion this is for the doctors who cannot face the reality of what they are doing. The remains of the fetus or embryo, as the case may be,... Free Essays on Abortions Throughout the years of history, there existed several controversial topics which have caused severe discrepancy among different groups of people. Abortion is a highly controversial issue which has been constantly argued over for the past few years and probably for many years to come in the future. The main controversy rests with the question of whether Abortion should be outlawed?- whether the law should permit a woman to have an abortion and, if so, under what circumstances or whether the law should protect the unborn. Abortion is the destruction of the fetus or unborn child while the child is still in the mothers womb. In other words, Abortion is the ending of pregnancy before birth. There are two sides to this controversial topic of abortion. One side is the PRO-LIFE, which describes those people who are against abortion altogether. The other side is the PRO- CHOICE which are those who believe it is the woman’s right to choose if she wants to have an abortion. ( David M. O'Brien, "Abortion," World Book Online America Edition,aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com/wbol/wbPage/na/ar/co/) These two groups offer different solutions to problem. The pro-life solution is to have the child and basically live with it. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solution is abortion because of reasons they feel are appropriate. The controversy lies within Induced Abortion. Induced Abortion are procedures carried out to bring on abortion. Such include vacuum suction, which the most common type- this is used in the early stages of pregnancy, dilatation and evacuation (D and E), induction, which the injection of abortifacients such as prostaglandin into the uterus), and hysterotomy, which is a surgical procedure similar to cesarean section used later in pregnancy, especially when the woman’s life is in danger. (M. Muldoon, The Abortion Deb...

Theory of operation single phase induction generator at load state , Thesis

Theory of operation single phase induction generator at load state , - Thesis Example , the excitation voltage and frequency vary depending on the rotor speed, the values of the capacitance and the winding inductance and the load current. For any value of capacitance, there is a minimum rotor speed at which self-excitation would occur [1]. It is difficult to measure the self inductance of the generator winding directly. An approximation can be made by driving the rotor at synchronous speed and measuring the stator voltage and current. At the rotor synchronous speed, no current is induced in the rotor and it is a virtual open circuit. The measured impedance (V/I) can be approximated for the winding self-inductance. From the above equations, it is clear that the self-inductance of the winding would vary with the voltage induced in the winding. The variation of magnetizing inductance with voltage for a specific induction generator is shown in Fig 2. b) For a given speed of the rotor, the voltage generated in the winding would vary with the value of the connected parallel capacitor. The relationship between the terminal voltage and the value of the capacitor for a specific induction generator is shown in Fig 3. One requirement in any electrical generator is for the terminal voltage to remain constant when the connected load varies. Most electrical loads operate satisfactorily only in a narrow range around their rated voltage. The value of capacitance needed to maintain constant terminal voltage at a given rotor speed is shown in Fig 4 for a specific induction generator. The graph shows that the variation is linear. In addition to the constant voltage, an alternating current generator also needs to supply power at a constant frequency. For the single phase self-excited generator, we know from induction motor theory that as the load current changes, the slip between the rotor and the stator would vary and cause the induced stator frequency to vary. This relationship for a specific induction generator is shown in Fig 5. 1. Robinson, L. and Holmes,

UK Central Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UK Central Government - Essay Example Most such departments are led by ministers and the ministers are accountable to parliament and have to report on the progress of their department. Certain non-ministerial posts may also be given to people heading certain departments1. This essay will deal with the role of the governments, both local and central and examine to what extent the local governments are dependent on central government. Is there an issue of performance scrutiny Are the local governments completely controlled by the central government2 These are issues that will be discussed is some detail. The ministers are in charge of government departments and are known as secretaries of state. They are members of the cabinet and carry out duties that the Prime Minster allots to them. Certain holders of traditional offices may have no departmental duties. Ministerial responsibility refers to both the collective responsibility for government policy and actions which ministers share, and to the ministers' individual responsibility for the work of their own departments. Collective responsibility implies that ministers should support government decisions and policies once they have been made and strictly implement those policies. Departmental ministers must agree with government policies as a whole so ministers are either expected to support or resign (Direct.gov on Central govt, 2005). This shows the extreme control of the central government in policy matters. In recent years we have seen such cases of resignation when ministers have failed to support government policies for instance the decision to go to war against Iraq (BBC report 2003/2005)3. The junior ministers are parliamentary undersecretaries of State and they report to a minister and oversee certain functions of a department. Departmental ministers tend to decide on all matters within their responsibility although certain cases may involve the decision of more than one department and consequently more than one minister would be responsible for the decision. On taking up office ministers are required to resign from directorships of private and public companies and ensure that there is no conflict in public and private interests (Direct.gov on Centr al govt, 2005). The central government consists of a cabinet of 20 ministers chosen by the Prime Minister and include both departmental and non-departmental ministers. The Cabinet represents the true collective responsibility and is expected to take the final decisions on government policies and adhere to them. The cabinet meets weekly although its business remains confidential until policies are made public and official (Direct.gov on Central govt, 2005). The civil service helps the government to formulate policies, carry out decisions and administer public services for which they are responsible. As ofJune 2001, civil servants constituted about 2 per cent of the working population in employment and about 10 per cent of all public sector employees and half of all civil services provide their services directly to the public4. The Prime Minister is responsible for central co-ordination and management of the Civil Service (Direct.gov on Central govt, 2005). The central government also consists of executive agencies that are directly accountable to the ministers. These government agencies

Nursing Shortage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Shortage - Essay Example The shortage is everyone's problem and the solution will need to come from the federal government, the states, hospitals, professional organizations, and local medical institutions. The nursing shortage is a national crisis and any solution will need to have the support of the federal government. The Nurse Reinvestment Act of 2002 appropriated funds to aid in the recruitment and retention of nurses at all levels, but has seen budget cuts in recent years. The bill expires in 2007 and the Congress should reauthorize the bill and increase the funding from $150 million in 2007 to a minimum of $200 million in 2008. This is the level that had been recommended by the Nursing Organizations Alliance and many other members of the nursing community (Beu 1063). Known as Title VIII, it funds nursing grants, education, retention grants, loan repayment, scholarship programs, faculty loans, and diversity grants. An expansion of these programs is a necessary foundation for increasing the supply of qualified nurses. In addition to increasing the funding for Title VIII, the federal government also needs to make a legislated commitment to enhancing the educational infrastructure. In 2005, nearly 150,000 qualified nursing school applicants were turned away because there were too few places to train them (Cooper and Aiken 68S). This was due partly to a lack of faculty, but was also a result of a lack of facilities. This extends from the classroom into the clinical setting. Attracting new student nurses through scholarships and loan repayment programs can only be productive if they have quality programs to enter. The federal government should also set a policy on limiting immigrant nurses. Though there is a substantial pool of qualified nurses in developing countries, it may be counter-productive for the US to depend on this international resource. The US should pursue bilateral agreements with countries that have served as a major source of nurses. It is in the international ethical interest that the US does not deplete the nursing supply in the developing nations and leave them in a medical crisis. These agreements would also protect our nation's supply of nurses as the world becomes more mobile. Buchan warns us that though the US is currently the premier market for working nurses. " ... I think you will see some more nurses moving from your country to others, perhaps for reasons other than purely financial" (23S). By cooperating to keep the source countries at a healthy level, we can assure that this international resource will not run out. The State Responsibility While the federal government can stimulate the supply of nurses, it is up to the states and the institution of nursing to retain them. A survey by Lynn and Redman in 2006 reported that the two most important factors for nursing retention was an increase in pay and "a climate of retention in health care facilities" (685). The intangible climate that the nurses spoke of included team work, decreased workload, communications, and being a part of the staffing decision process. A policy of employee empowerment would reduce psychological burnout. Women who have traditionally made up the bulk of the nursing staff have been presented with opportunities in competing career areas. Hospitals and medical institutions need to reevaluate pay scales and working

Glorious Celebration Essay Example for Free

Glorious Celebration Essay Maya Angelou, born Marguerite Johnson, is regarded as one of the celebrated American writers alive. Besides writing a lot of memorable works, she is also the subject of other authors who have written a lot about her life and works. There is her biography written by two of her friends, Marcia Gillespie and Richard Long, along with her nephew Rosa Butler. Mary Jane Lupton writes a biography-cum-writer’s guide on Maya Angelou’s works. L. Patricia Kite also writes a similar book depicting her life story and so does Jill Egan who highlighted the trials Angelou went through but also the triumphs as well. In his work, Jeffrey Elliot compiled interviews made by several authors on Maya Angelou to create a verbal mosaic of the life and works of the writer. Lyman Hagen makes a critical analysis of her works and managed to find the â€Å"secret† behind the success of Angelou. Priscilla Ramsey makes a critical analysis of Angelou’s poems in a journal. Another analysis is made by William Sylvester. Carol Neubauer analyzes one of her works, The Heart of a Woman to understand the woman behind the words. Sidonie Ann Smith wrote an analysis of Angelou’s first work The Song of a Caged Bird which centers on self-acceptance. Gillespie, M. , Butler, R. J. and Long, R. A. (2008). Maya Angelou: A Glorious Celebration. New York: Doubleday. This biography was written by her friends Gillespie and Long with her nephew Butler. This was written and published in celebration of Angelou’s 80th birthday and as the title of the book suggests, it has been 80 glorious years of her life though it has had its ups and downs as the authors hold nothing back in relating the colorful life of one of America’s celebrated literary artists. The book covers the traumatic experience she had at a young age to the beginning of her literary talents during her adolescence; she ventured briefly into acting and took part in the civil rights movement, rubbing elbows with Martin Luther King and Malcolm X until the time she took part in the inauguration of President Bill Clinton. Though Angelou had a troubled youth, she moved on and it was through literature that she was able to pull through and used it as her vehicle to express happiness and optimism. Lupton, M. J. (1998). Maya Angelou: A Critical Companion. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Lupton provides a critical analysis of Angelou’s 5-volume autobiography. For each one, she provides an general overview, a background of the story. This would be followed by an analysis of various points of view like a narrative in the case of Heart of a Woman then describe the structure of the story where patterns are found. Then there is a plot development which focuses on revealing the character of the subject followed by a character development which reveals the character’s personality as the story develops. Then there is the thematic issues which identifies the theme of the story. This is followed by styles and literary devices which describes what devices were deployed by Angelou. This book would be a reliable guide to anyone who reads Angelou and needed a quick reference to its technical aspects besides the stories themselves. Kite, L. P. (2006). Maya Angelou. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company. This book is a biography of Angelou. The author touches on the personal aspects of Angelou’s life. She starts the story in 1993, the day Angelou recited a poem at President Bill Clinton’s inauguration and segues back to the day she was born and moving progressively to 1996. Her poems are mentioned here but not fully presented. This book caters mainly to elementary school students and serves as an ideal starter for anyone who appreciates poetry and will be surely inspired after reading Angelou’s story. Egan, J. (2009). Maya Angelou. A Creative and Courageous Voice. Pleasantsville, New York: Gareth Stevens Publishing. As the title suggests, this book mainly tackles the life and times of Maya Angelou. In the nine chapters of this book, Egan takes the reader on a journey covering the life and times of Angelou which is fraught with trials and tribulations but also of the courage to go one despite its presence. In the chapter â€Å"Finding Her Voice† was the start of Angelou’s literary career which was meant to be a form of therapy but later on became her calling. In the latter chapter, â€Å"A Glorious Legacy,† she turned to writing greeting cards for Hallmark not because she needed a job but for the love of writing and the celebration of life. Elliot, J. M. (Editor). (1989). Conversations with Maya Angelou. Jackson City: University of Mississippi Press. Elliot has compiled several interviews made by selected authors with Maya Angelou. Each interview or conversation tells the same story. It is about the triumph over adversity and her works serve as her vehicle of conveying that message. Angelou also clarified that her works are not exclusively dedicated to African-Americans though she lived through the turbulent times with them, but for all mankind. This book is ideal for scholars and students who wish to gain more insight to the woman behind remarkable works. Hagen, L. B. (1997). Heart of a Woman, Mind of a Writer and Soul of a Poet. Lanham Maryland: University Press of America. Hagen’s work is a critical analysis of the works of Maya Angelou. The first chapter is devoted to telling her life story. Chapter 2 reveals Angelou’s â€Å"secrets† to her very successful works which is the use of humor to offset the trying times she had gone through in her life instead of dwelling on the hurts of her past. The rest of the chapters makes an analysis of her works – her autobiographies and her poems as well as other aspects of Angelou’s multi-faceted life. These are purely analysis and do not give the full text of her works save for excerpts used in making the analyses. Ramsey, P. R. (1984). Transcendence: The Poetry of Maya Angelou. Current Bibliography on African Affairs 17 (2). 139-153. Priscilla Ramsey makes an in-depth analysis on the poems of Maya Angelou. Angelou’s poems are grounded on the reality of life as she has experienced them. Angelou uses her poems as a means to express her thoughts and sentiments not only about her own life but also the events that were unfolding around her from segregation to the civil rights movement. Angelou has practically employed every known literary device to be able to write elaborate poems that pretty much capture life the way she has seen it through her own eyes. Sylvester, W. (1995). Maya Angelou: An Overview. In T. Riggs (Editor) Contemporary Poets. New York: St. James Press. Sylvester gives an overall analysis of the poems of Maya Angelou. While doing so, he highlighted events in Angelou’s life which have had a profound influence on her, from William Shakespeare which she confessed was her â€Å"first love† to her involvement in the civil rights movement as an organizer working alongside Martin Luther King. Sylvester reveals that her poems are uniquely hers and are not imitations of other works as revealed with unique words she used. Neubauer, C. E. (1983). Displacement and Autobiographical Style in Maya Angelou’s Heart of a Woman. Black American Literature Forum 17 (3). 123-129. Neubauer makes an in-depth analysis of one of Angelou’s work Heart of a Woman which is more of an autobiography. Her starting point is the time she already reached adulthood, highlighting her different careers especially in one of the turbulent times not only of her life but to all black Americans for this was the civil rights movement. She uses her own life experience to mirror how â€Å"little people† felt. She provides a grassroots level view of the things happening in society here through her own eyes. She also compared and contrasted the styles of two of its prominent movers, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, finding the latter more congenial. Smith, S. A. (1973) The Song of a Caged Bird: Maya Angelous Quest after Self-Acceptance. The Southern Humanities Review. 365-375. This is another analysis of a work by Maya Angelou. From the year, one can tell this is one of the earliest analysis made and this is â€Å"fresh† from the recent events of the previous decade where Angelou had been very active in the civil rights movement. But this story highlights the childhood of Angelou which was anything but happy. Her youth is a journey to freedom from â€Å"imprisonment† caused by misery and highlighted moments of struggle as she moved on until she finally attained the freedom she sought and it all boil down to self-acceptance. Angelou’s story is not a mere autobiography but also serves as a lesson in life where self-acceptance is the main theme and one of the keys to coping with life’s problems.

Prescription Drug Abuse Amongst Teenagers Health And Social Care Essay

Prescription Drug Abuse Amongst Teenagers Health And Social Care Essay INTRODUCTION This project is designed to illustrate the effects of prescription and over the counter drug abuse. It will not only show a comparison between the effects of illicit drugs and prescription drugs but it will also serve to show the significance of the prevalence and effects of prescription drug abuse. There is an erroneous belief that because these are medicines, whether prescribed by physicians or over-the-counter, that they are safer, stated by Nora D. Volkow, MD, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (Kheun, 2007). Teenagers and young adults have the concept that prescription or over the counter drugs are not harmful even if consumed in extreme doses. This is due to the fact that they are legal and are created and designed by pharmaceutical and medical professionals. This is quite contradictory because it has been noted by researchers (Ford Rivera 2008) that these drugs, when abused have very serious and even fatal consequences. Some of which include increased heart rate, hallucinations and other alterations in mental state. Though not highly publicized, these every day drugs such as Ritalin, OxyContin, Vicodin and Dexedrine can cause all of the aforementioned symptoms (Arkes Iguchi 2008). The effort of research in this area however, does not parallel the gravity of the problem and it has been noted by The International Narcotics Control Board that prescription drugs are about to become as much of a problem as illicit drugs (Zarcosta, 2008). Nevertheless, little or no research has been done in this field of prescription drug abuse and the seriousness of its effects as it relates to teens and young adults. With the research that this subject so rightfully deserves, all vulnerable persons (young persons, parents, teachers and health care providers) should become aware of the following: The types and examples of prescription drugs commonly abused. Ways in which these prescription drugs can be abused. Who is at a higher risk of prescription drug abuse? Signs and symptoms of prescription drug abuse. The consequential effects of abusing prescription drugs. Avenues in which one can seek help for this type of drug abuse. This projects intention therefore is to give enlightenment on all these areas, create awareness on the relevant and ubiquitous issue of prescription drug abuse and most importantly research the effects of prescription drug abuse. HYPOTHESIS Abuse of prescription drugs is as hazardous as the use of illicit drugs. RESEARCH DESIGN This research will take on both forms of qualitative and quantitative designs therefore it will be a mixed design. It will be qualitative in order to include statistics about the prevalence of prescription drug abuse. However it will quantitative in order to include reasons and effects of prescription drug abuse on young adults. LITERATURE REVIEW While rates of illicit drug abuse among teens in the Unites States continue to decline, abuse of prescription drugs in this age group is increasing at an alarmingly high rate. Recent anonymous survey results show that the one in every 10 high school seniors had used the painkiller Vicodin in the last year without a doctors orders (Arkes Iguchi,2008 as cited by Johnston, OMalley, Bachmen Schulenberg, 2004). Even though, there is research done on the prevalence, causes and risk factors associated with prescription drug abuse, there is a lack of information on the effects. The aim of this literature review is to provide sufficient information for researchers to conduct further research on the effects on the prescription drug abuse. This literature review will explain the following topic questions: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How prevalent is prescription drug abuse? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are the major causes/reasons of prescription drug abuse? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Who is at a higher risk? How prevalent is prescription drug abuse? The abuse of prescription drugs in the USA is a growing problem. Prescription drug abuse is as prevalent as the abuse of illicit drugs. There has been a significant rise in the nonmedical use of prescription drugs in the US over the past 15 years. In 2004, an estimate of 2.4 million Americans aged 12 years or older initiated prescription opioid abuse within the past year, which exceeded those who were abusing illegal drugs like cocaine ( 1 million) or marijuana ( 2.1 million) ( McCabe, S.E., West, B.T., Morales, M., Cranford, J.A., Boyd, C.J., 2007). The debate as to whether prescription drug abuse is as prevalent as illegal drug abuse is interesting and. The commonly abused prescription drugs are painkillers, sedatives, tranquilizers, opioids and stimulants (Levy, M.S., 2007). In the United States, the abuse of prescription drugs especially opioids is a major health concern. In 2005 a study was carried out and it was found out that approximately 227,000 Americans were abusing and highly dependent on illicit drugs like heroine whereas 1.5 million Americans abused and were highly dependent on prescription opioids (Wu, Li-Tzy, Blazer, D.G., Stitzer, M.L., Patkar, A.A., Blaine, J.D., 2008) Additionally, in 2006, it was established that the nonmedical use of prescription drugs especially pain relievers actually surpassed that of illicit drugs. (Wisley et al)There has also been an alarming increase in the number of deaths associated with accidental overdoses of prescription drugs compared to those of illegal drugs. Statistics state that in 2002 it was established that the number of fatal heroine poisonings increased by 12.4% while shockingly the number of fatal opioid analgesic poisonings increased by 91.2% in the same population (Wunsch, M.J., Nakamoto, K., Be honick, G., William, M., 2009). This information further concretes the fact that there is a drastic increase in prescription drug abuse. Statistics in 2001 reveal that approximately 3 million youths aged 12 to 17 and almost 7 million young adults aged 18 to 25 years had misused prescription drugs in their life-time. (Kelly, B.C., Parsons, J.T., 2007). In conclusion, prescription drug abuse is on an alarming increase amongst the youth. With this increase, come various causes that will influence one to begin abusing prescription drugs. Definitions 1. Prevalence- Existing very commonly 2. Abuse- Use of a drug to get pleasure, or to improve a persons performance of an activity, or because a person cannot stop using it. 3. Dependence- To need something all the time especially in order to continue existing or operating. 4. Prescription drugs- Also known as over-the-counter drugs. What are the major causes/reasons of prescription drug abuse? With the way you are brought up and other environments, one develops values that in turn influence personal choices. Even though most illegal drugs are easy to access (Califano, 2002 as cited by Finley, 2007), an increasing number of youth prefer to use prescription drugs for non-medicinal purposes. In an article by Youth Trade, 2005 (cited by Finley, 2007) Students in high schools and colleges are having pharming parties, where they shift responsibility for bringing the prescription drugs. This in-turn makes them appear cool and up-to-date with the times as another teen had explained once her school mates found out that she had prescription drugs. Some opt to use prescription drugs out of boredom, often times along with illegal drugs, with others choosing to use Ritalin as a stimulant because it works like caffeine. Others actually believe that since prescriptions drugs are safe to use under prescription, then it must be safe for them without doctors orders. In the case study by Finley (2007) as stated by Birhanemaskel (2005) prescription drugs do not have the give-away smell as marijuana, yet give the same effects; more youth prefer prescription drugs to get high. This thought is generally upheld by girls making them less prone to use marijuana. Also young females prefer to use prescription drugs because of the expectation that they would help them slim down thus fitting in better with the other girls (Monarch Avalon, 2005 as cited by Finley, 2007). In a study (Lankenau et al., 2007), participants gave stories of how their first experiences of non-medicinal use of prescription drugs. One man mentioned that his first prescription drug was Ritalin which he used to help him stay up so he could be able to study. He would then use Xanax to help him get to sleep. This all helped keep balance of his school, athletics and social life. Another student mentioned that he began using prescription drugs to get the same feeling of a heroin high by taking 2 Xanax pills and alcohol simultaneously when he was curbing his heroin addiction. Also, some admitted to using Adderall as they were cheap; each pill was about $0.90. Finley (2007) also suggested that having parents that use prescription drugs to help them get up in the morning could also encourage teenagers to recreationally use prescription drugs. By parents allowing teenagers to take cough syrups, for instance, and not inquire about shows ignorance and leniency which leaves the teenager t o believe there is nothing wrong with misuse of prescription drug abuse (Gavin, 2004). Even with these significant causes, some youth are at more attracted to prescription drugs than others. Who is at a higher risk? Teens themselves being very vulnerable to prescription drug abuse have certain factors which could put them at an even higher risk. These include teens: 1. A history substance abuse. The quest for more pleasure, diminished anxiety, the relaxation of time, quickening of insight, deepening mythic awareness are the major reasons why teens repeatedly use substances like illicit drugs and alcohol and before they realize, they get addicted. It becomes nearly impossible for them to live without getting high or feeling highly ecstatic. The addiction rises to an extent that they start to engage in illegal activities to obtain these substances. However, now they have found a new legal way to do this. As stated, prescription drugs are much easier to obtain and less expensive than other substances. Teens with a history of substance abuse use this as an advantage and now they have an easier means to get high. The annual study by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, conducted by the University of Michigan, showed as many as one in every 14 high school seniors said they used cold medicine fairly recently to get high. A student, during a study that included an in-depth interview conducted by Lankenau, S.E. et.al said, [My mother] used to get a whole lot of [OxyContin] and she would just bring them home and Id see it all laid out. You take 20 milligrams and its like dope [heroin]. Its really like dope. 2. With Adverse childhood experiences. Adverse Childhood experiences are common and destructive. It includes abuse (physical, mental or sexual), neglect, domestic violence and other forms of serious and interrelated household dysfunction. They can determine the health and well-being of a person. The associated problems are painful to recognize and difficult to cope with. The study by Anda, R.A et.al shows a direct relationship between adverse childhood experiences and prescription drug abuse. Teens with adverse childhood experiences may have feelings of helplessness, chaos, and impermanence and may have problems self-regulating affective states. Thus, prescription drug abuse may serve as an avenue to escape or dissociate from the immediate emotional pain, anxiety, anger that likely accompany such experiences. 3. Homeless youth. A common stereotype of the homeless population is that they are all alcoholics or drug abusers. The truth is that a high percentage of homeless people do struggle with substance abuse but addictions should be viewed as illnesses and require a great deal of treatment, counseling and support to overcome. Substance abuse is both a cause and a result of homelessness, often arising after people lose their housing. (Substance abuse and homelessness, July 2009). People who are homeless often turn to drugs and alcohol to cope with their situations. They use substances in an attempt to attain temporary relief from their problems. With the increasing use/prevalence of prescription drug abuse over other substances, the homeless population is also starting to use more prescription drugs. Lankenau, S.E. et.al and Sander, B et.al proved a high percentage of prescription drug abuse among the homeless from their studies. In conclusion, there is a large number of youth abusing prescription drugs for various reasons. This number is rapidly increasing especially amongst the sample age with the major causes and risk factor highlighted above. The easy accessibility, inexpensiveness and the belief that prescription drugs are safe to use has resulted in the youth change their usual use of illicit drug to prescription drug as their means to get high, to fit in and in their struggle to balance their social and academic life . Even though, the youth themselves are a very prone population for prescription drug abuse, there are certain risk factors which make them more vulnerable. This includes a history of substance abuse, adverse childhood experiences and the homeless youth. Researchers around the world should consider the severity of this prevalence and its serious consequences. Further research needs to be conducted on the effects and ways to control and prevent prescription drug abuse. DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT The following are the data gathering instruments that will be utilized in this project. Questionnaires: This will be a combined questionnaire which will contain a series of thirty (30) close ended and open ended questions. The questionnaire will be of a structured non disguised format in which the respondent will be informed of the purpose of collecting the information. The data will then be quantified. Interviews: These will consist of personal interviews which are discussions between an interviewer and an interviewee in order to obtain in-depth information about a particular issue or research question. The interviews will take the unstructured format. Focus Groups: This involves a group of participants who share their thoughts ideas and feelings on a specific topic. Hence the parents/guardians and the youth will be allowed this time to express themselves. Observations: This is a research method used to give an objective view on the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of the participants. Hence the interviewees will be observed by this method. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE Surveying: The questionnaire will be distributed randomly to various educational institutions. The actual distribution of the questionnaires within the schools will be done by the school administration. They will have approximately one week to administer and collect all questionnaires which will then be collected by the relevant authorities. Interviews: Private interviews will be held with patients of selected Drug Addiction Rehab Centers at the center itself. Focus Groups: This will be held with the parents/guardians and health care providers of the patients. Observations: While they are interviewed the same patients will be observed by well reputed psychiatrists/psychologist through a one way mirror. Also the behaviors of the patients will be observed for approximately two weeks by the same psychiatrists/psychologists. APPROPRIATE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE In this project random sampling will be utilized. Six rehabilitation centers for substance abusers will be randomly selected. Sixteen individuals (eight males and eight females) within the age group of thirteen to eighteen (13-18) and sixteen individuals (eight males and eight females) within the age group of eighteen to twenty five (18-25) will be utilized. Eight schools will be randomly selected in which one hundred and sixty questionnaires will be distributed. Eighty will be distributed to students within the age group of 12-15 ( forty for females and forty for males). The remaining eighty will be distributed to students between the age group of 16-18(forty for females and forty for males). ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS With each research, there are several ethical considerations. The following is a list of the ethical concerns considered in this study: Before an individual becomes a participant, he/she will be fully informed of the aims, methods, harms, and benefits of the research: Each participant has the right to be fully informed about the research project in which he/she will be potentially participating, so that he/she has a full understanding of the project. If participants experiences any harm during the study, however, he/she will be compensated. The individual has the right of voluntary participation. Individuals will not be coerced to participate in the research project as participation will be strictly voluntary. This includes bribery offers, threatening or any kind of direct/ indirect pressures. He/she has the right to terminate his/her participation at any time. Participants will not be forced to continue with the project if he/she chooses to end his/her participation, neither will he/she be chastise for not continuing with the project. If the reason for terminating his/her is due to physical or psychological harm, participants will be compensated. The confidentiality of his/her responses. The information gathered will not be made available to any persons who are not directly involved in study. All the information will be kept in a vault in which only the primary investigator will know the combination. He/she remains anonymous throughout research: Participants will not be required to place their names on the questionnaires and if it is done, the questionnaire will be disregarded. The teenager will not be allowed to participate without his/her parents consent. Any youth who is under twenty one (21) will not be interviewed unless there is written consent from his/her parent. ANTICIPATED RESULTS The anticipated results of this research proposal are as follows: There will be a higher than expected prevalence of prescription drug abuse. It is just as easy to get addicted to prescription drugs as it is to get addicted to illicit drugs. The effects of prescription drug abuse can be as detrimental as the effects of illicit drug abuse. CONCLUSION The research project was aimed to discover the effects of prescription drug abuse and incorporated both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative method consisted of questionnaires while the qualitative consisted of focus groups, interviews and observation methods. The sample would consist of students between the ages 13-18 and patients of rehabilitation centers ages 18-25. The delimitations of the project were the number of schools, the number of rehabilitation centers and the number of individuals from which information would be gathered. It would serve to bridge the gap of the insufficient research on the effects of prescription drug abuse and also as an informative tool to the society.